Environmental Issue Essay Example for Free

Environmental Issue Essay Poor waste management is one of the major problems that have vast social-ecological and economic negative effects on a global scale. This has resulted from the fast growth of the urban centers which form the main source of wastes and its poor management by the respective authorities. Indeed, over 90% of the total major cities globally have problems related to waste management (Bureau of National Affairs, 2007). However, cities in the third world economies are affected more by the problem than those in developed countries. Urgent measures are therefore required to address the problems and therefore guarantee ecological sanctity and social integrity of the affected systems. Use of qualitative and quantitative data Addressing the problem of the wastes in the urban regions demands the collection of factual information to establish the correct methods and ways that can be used to address the problem. Taking into consideration that the problem has escalated over a long period of time, use of qualitative data would provide the relevant descriptive information for the waste and therefore aid in determining the best modes of addressing the problem (Toma, 2008). Wastes from the cities can be qualitatively categorized as solid and liquid wastes. The data can further be descriptive of the biodegradable wastes, plastic wastes, pharmaceutical wastes, and sharps. Quantitatively data on the other hand would be very essential in understanding various quantities of the qualitatively categorized wastes. Understanding the statistics provides the respective authorities with the relevant information that can assist them in determining the mode they would use in countering the same problem. Chemical treatment of liquid wastes is sustainable and more effective for smaller quantities of liquid wastes while use of aerobic lagoons is better for larger quantities. Besides, understanding the quantity of recyclable materials in solid wastes makes it easier to calculate the economic returns of the recycled products (Toma, 2008). Hypothesis: Scientific process forms the best system for providing the solution of waste management in the cities. With the problem of the waste being a major source of ecological and social problems globally, it demands a holistic approach that appreciates the complexity of the issue and therefore provide the best possible solution. It is worth noting that scientific method of addressing the problem is based on factual information that is qualitatively and quantitatively derived. Therefore, will be able to assess and address actual problem affecting the people and the ecological systems. All aspects of urban wastes are scientifically derived and science only would interpret them on the same tone to establish means of reducing their effects (Worldwatch Institute, 2009). Socially, addressing the problem using scientific methods aid in ensuring that As a result, it has the ability to link the cause and consequences of the negative effects of the wastes and provide a long term solution to them. Conclusion With the pollution problem threatening to get out of hand in the major cities, it has become important to address it in a sustainable mode. Scientific process will therefore be the best mode due to its thoroughness and intrinsic capacity to alleviate the problem. The demand for cleaner and healthier environment over the years has increased greatly globally. Therefore, taking into consideration that the urban centers are growing faster than any other period in history, scientific process seeks to address the waste problem holistically at all levels. Most of the international considerations like Basel convention of 1989 and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development of 1992 have called for scientific approaches to address the problem. The scientific process calls for effective consideration of the wastes from the point of production to disposal. Besides, it emphasizes on reduction of wastes at the source and application of the best systems that reduces its effects to the people and the natural systems (Worldwatch Institute, 2009). It demands for recycling of all the recyclable waste materials in the wastes a notion that goes a long way in improving the resources utility. Through use of the life cycle analysis/ end of pipe system, wastes are slowly turning into precious resources to be used in other areas like conditioning farms, irrigation, and making building bricks. Notably, the scientific process demands that cooperation be instituted at all levels of the waste management to harmonize the process and ensure long term sustainability. Finally, the scientific process sets effective standards that should be observed by waste producers and managements, and monitoring systems to ensure compliance. Reference list Bureau of National Affairs, (2007). International environment reporter: current report. Washington, D. C. : Bureau of National Affairs. Toma, V. (2008). Waste Management Research Trends. Basel: Nova Publishers. Worldwatch Institute, (2009). State of the World 2009: Into a Warming World. London: W W Norton Co Inc.

The Advantage Of Keyword Advertising To Company Marketing Essay

The Advantage Of Keyword Advertising To Company Marketing Essay E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce (EC) is the action rather than the theory of purchase and selling a number of different types of good and services on the World Wide Web. Electronic commerce in its high-level forming an essential foundation sense means the same as traditional commerce where buyers and sellers form together for doing business by purchases and selling goods and services. The difference is that e-commerce happens over flexible strand a letter or message in a length of cord at a link throughout the global where the WWW perform duties of services as the central medium for all trading carry out business. E-Commerce also happens through the use of more limited shape or structure of communication. E-Commerce provided with the ability or means to sell and purchase of an article and give services right away from your home. So, that you dont need to leave your house for seeking what you need. You just have to simply strike with one hand the service providers website, find for what you need or setting up what you want to make available for use and immediately get the business done. If you want to make purchases online for virtual products, most of the period you would get the products and services at the particular example of your payment admitted the truth. Currency transactions take place above certain to remain safe gateways and encrypted channels, so we can term e-commerce to be able to relied on trading environment. Payments can be made with the use of Credit Cards, e-Checks and Payment Gateways. KEYWORD ADVERTISING Keyword advertising refers to any publicize a product or service that is connection to clearly defined words or phrases. Ordinary forms of keyword advertising are known by a lot of other conditions laid down or agreed including pay per click (PPC) and cost per action (CPA). There are several parts slight difference each starting with pay per or cost per such as pay per action (PPA) and pay per cost (PPC). Google Ad Words is the greatest well-known shape or structure of keyword advertising. Google show search advertisement specifically the aim to the word(s) typed into a search box. Those keyword targeted ads also become visible on satisfied place based on Googles systems interpretation of the dealt with material on every page of the site. This is known as contextual advertising. The Advantage of Keyword Advertising to Company The step to starting a company successfully is to advertise. Company must provide potential customers with the information itself of information about the goods and services. The advantage would allow everyone to know what exactly the business about. If anyone had interest to present a small business effectively then should thought keyword online advertising methods. Key word advertising is often used and plays an important role as a technique in effective online marketing, especially where search engines are concerned. When a potential customer types the keyword into the search box, the search engine or website will display a whole range of results that matches the keyword. Your advertisement or website will also be among the many other results which are relevant to the keyword. In most cases, the reader naturally opts to click the items that are at the top. Therefore if you want your announcement to come on top in search engine results, this can be done by using the right keywords; you also need to creatively use the keyword many times. Keyword promotion may be ideal for small businesses because it helps them emerge on top of many other competitors regardless of the money spent or the size of the classified ad. This way, small businesses have a better chance of bringing themselves forward to the clientele easily and with little effort. A great advantage of keyword advertising is that only the viewers who are truly interested in the product or service with the intention of buying them will come across the advertisement. As a result, there is a greater possibility of achieving higher conversion ratios. Clearly, the keyword chosen is the most important item in this scenario. It is important to make sure that the keywords chosen are related to the business. Companies pay for each word. So this should not be misleading. Choosing the wrong keyword will not achieve the purpose of increasing sales in fact it will be a waste of time and money as well. A way to make sure that the company does not spend too much in marketing, is to choose the right payment option. Keyword advertising revolves around payment concepts is ensure that you are charged only for the number of times the announcement is truly viewed. This is another reason why keyword promotion may be ideal for small businesses because you pay only for what you get. Benefits of Google Ad Words to User The biggest advantages of SEO are the fact that it can join anyone on your website visitors. Keyword advertising of SEO possibility take months to create results of meaning, but a PPC advertising can done for you immediately. When coordination are being use with an SEO strategy, Ad words would carry your visitors at the same time you are waiting for your page to become visible in organic search results. The next of SEO advantage is entirely customizable. Users can choose as the most suitable their keywords, besides they can even pick which keywords they dont want to trigger advertising. This is very useful to marketers who can succeed in doing the account, and unchanging pull sharply keywords and estimate to find the mysterious combination of efficiently in the campaign. With Ad Words, the users can controls how much to be pay. An organized scheme of proceeding involves a bidding system which the final information in cost per click pricing and give permit to the user to only pay for the pressing that are accept. Thus, the clicks are count according to the users settings from ten cents to one hundred dollars. Marketers can optimize for cost per idea and opinion pricing in satisfied or happy network. This will permit you to pay for how many times people see advertising. Without concern for which pay model you select, you set the produced every day advertisement estimate, which may gives you finished control over a serious of military operations. Though Ad Words is extremist user friendly, it can be very hard for whom new to PPC advertisements to charge an organized course of action efficiently. Almost anyone can running an advertisement organized course of an action though Ad Words, but least people have the time and skill it takes to continuously monitor and change ads, establish new budgets, and pull sharply keywords for most favourable carry out. If whom not sure about how to in charge a PPC campaign, a lot of SEO who have experience worked with Ad words can help you. The Disadvantage of Keyword Advertising to Company and User Pay per Click search engine is fount into account by many to be one of the most affordable forms of marketing on the Internet. PPC advertising is used to create result by give instruction on target traffic to a marketer website, so the marketer can change this target traffic into fastest sales on the later time. To date, this marketing is a billion pound industry. There are some difficulties to using Pay per Click advertising companies. If it does not have disadvantages to this advertising, then everyone would choose to use this method; but now, many Internet marketers do not use it. Briefly, marketers will offer a price on keywords to be use in small advertisings they cause to happen, that the PPC Company will show for search engine users when they are using the marketers chosen keywords that they choose to use in the ads. Inside these ads is a connection to the marketers very special website. When search engine user, uses an individual marketers keyword in the search engine, that advertisement guide up alongside the other information for the user to select from. If the user press on the marketers ad, they are taken to the marketers website. The marketer then needs to pays the PPC Company for that unusual click. If the user sees the advertising, but it does not click, then the marketers do not need to pay. The Method of Improving Keyword Advertising There are many kind of search engine advertising methods. If anyone are hoping your website to get higher SEO rankings, than you need to put into effect the proven make the best use of tactics. More specifically, nature and organic search engine optimization is the most suitable way to go. Organic search constitute the greater number of web traffic. In fact, tens millions of visitors are being sent by the search engines to not the same as another websites through organic search. To get a big solid piece of this traffic, here are those top search marketing methods that you can put into effort today. Beginning with the publish high quality articles to build connection and to make a greater in size your sites SEO rankings. The article submitted for consideration is one of the most able to be relied on search engine advertising methods that can consideration long term and lasting for a long time results. Anyone need to do is to bring into existence articles that are highly connected for the subject being discussed on your website. So, it is important to write the particular object that focuses on keywords used to make the best use it your website happy or satisfied. Back links should have as part of a whole in the articles a greater liking on the resource box. Once you publish these articles on high PR article a book listing names, it will only take a few days for the search engines to measure them. In this way, you would get worth a great subject being discussed back links from having a good reputation. This would have final information to a big jump in your SEO rankings. Lastly, you should make as great as possible the advantage of press set free the act of submitting. This is another search engine advertising method that has been getting good incoherently among SEO competent. Press set free are a like but not identical to online articles in phrase of giving satisfied for the search engines. But the best piece combining is that press set free distribution sites to a high degree by the search engines. These place where something is offer everyday and updated satisfied for web users. So, if you can get back links from distribution services though your press set free, then it is possible to succeed in maximum online exposure. The most important are the back links from press set free are worth and connected. So there is at all times a best chance that your websites search engine position can become better meaning if your links are carried by more than two but not many new information about aggregators. Banner Advertising When internet is becoming a interactive medium. There is a lot of e-commerce multimedia to advertise their product. Now a day, banner advertising is a comment advertising method in this world. It can transfers of big bytes is possible easily due to the increasing in speed in internet due to DSL, cable and wireless high-speed technologies. Banner advertising may attract people attention in order to increase the selling product in the company. It is possible to target those who can be prospective buyers. In addition, managers need to optimize the number of creative and advertising sites by making the tradeoff between quicker visits and lower expenditure per visit or the slower visits and higher expenditure per visit. Advantages Low cost It is much cheaper than the most such as advertise their product by using newspaper. In internet advertising are offered as low as $10 for a period of one month. The presentation to the market Internet advertisements are the best if your product is aimed at the younger generation. Due to the survey report, now a day, most of the younger generation is keep playing facebook. So that, the advertisements that advertise in facebook is the most easiest way to attract younger generation attention in order to buy thing through the internet. Update advertisement Internet advertising can update whenever you like. Unlike TV commercials which must be periodically updated. Advertising is usually a very simple matter that can be done easily and quickly. Disadvantages Scope It is a limited market can be conquered if only use the Internet for advertising display. There are quite a few of average of consumers are still on the older forms of advertising. Additional costs It will cost more than if you decide to rent the help of a professional or a company for the production of advertising for your product or service. Blog advertising method Blog advertising is a method of e-commerce. This method can be an extension of a whole or it can be its own website. Majority of a blogs are maintained by one person in a journal-type style with the posts appearing in reverse chronological order and theyre updated regularly. They are a lot of cause to get involved in the blog advertising world. The blog advertisement in particular, methods of getting exposure for your company, products, or services has speedy become the most famous from advertising. Many of the company have jumped on the bandwagon and have begun advertise their company on blogs because it is not only cheaper than almost any other advertising method from around, it is also more effective than other media. Blog are global. When you advertise on blogs you are not get individual written reviews of your products. The written are visible for the life of the blog and it easily someone to search when someone type keywords into a search engine anywhere in the world. You can achieve the same worldwide marketing that can afford to span the globe with high-price media marketing. The marketing cost savings are tremendous and the exposure is just as great. Nowadays, many of the consumers spend 85% of their shopping dollars online. Even thought they are planning on buying offline they also will search the products first on the internet. Consumer believes that the blogger write ups much more than the gimmicky splash advertising, flashy banners, and slick white pages. Each of the advertisement written in a blog post comes straight from that particular bloggers style writing and is unique and compelling. While the Experts forecasted that blogging as a whole would slow down in 2007. It is evident that Blog advertising for web companies to develop as a steadily more powerful tool for dialoguing with prospective clients and increasing listeners reach on the Net. Many business holders may have uncertainties or misunderstanding as to the value of business platform into their existing promotional efforts, with little return on investment. That organization owner s who uses blogs as advertising media usually will realize an easy to maintain sphere. The results of blog advertising, however, are far-reaching and surprisingly effective. Advantages of blog advertising The major advantages of blog advertising include low cost marketing channel. Blog advertising is cheaper than the other advertising media. With the less money you can achieve better ranking, the payment is not per month, you can have your own unique content, and also quality permanent back links. Besides that, you can also achieve an excellent Avenue to build a network. Every business needs a network, an interior network between division and an exterior network with other companies and customers. A typical blog on the other hand is rapidly written. Blogs can reach thousands of aimed readers at any place. Blog advertising is also a way to increased product exposure. Blog advertisement is extremely useful for gaining established visibility for your products. Improved customer interaction. Healthy customer dialogue is the key ingredient for successful web endeavors. Comment characteristics on blog are ideal ways to get to know that person, and feel they have built a blog is a place to hear kudos and complaints. As well as conduct informal focus groups, determining how else customers needs might be fulfilled. Nearly anyone who has studied marketing knows that a conversion rate for commercial venues is much higher than others. Consumers have a choice in the latter scenario, and the same is true for blog advertising. Consumers feel that they made the choice to come to a blog ad they made the conscious decision to read about a product. Example of blog advertising method Conclusion After doing this assignment, we feel that that the most effective and efficient online advertising method is Blog advertising method. If we need to choose the advertising method to advertise our company between banner advertising, keyword advertising and also blog advertising. We will select the blog advertising method. It is because the blog advertising is cheaper and more effective between others. And also consumer trust blogger write up much more than the banner advertising, keyword advertising and also the traditional advertising. When we need to select a print media to showcase our products we must get exposure in that market alone. Most newspaper, magazine display advertising is extremely expensive. There are less costly print media methods such as press release but they are not as expensive as picture advertising. Some willing and reporter will print it but even then the exposure is usually limited to the circulation of that paper or magazine and it only appears once. Now days, who isnt online? Consumers can online and search your company products through the internet easily at anyway and also any moment. Your company blog will always be there. Comment characteristic on blog may also let the consumer more realize about company product and services if customers have any question about the company products or service. This may also built a lasting relationship and trustworthy between customers and company.

The Delivery Of Health Care Health And Social Care Essay

The Delivery Of Health Care Health And Social Care Essay I am looking into the delivery of health care in the NHS. I will be looking at the original remits of the NHS, the ideological and political context in which the NHS was formed and also looking into the governments new White Paper Liberating the NHS. Other areas I will be looking into include; the political and ethical issues that are involved in the inequalities in provision and access to health care services as well as looking at how the NHS works with e the private sectors. Looking firstly at the NHS and the original remits, the NHS was formed/established in 1948, It come out of a long held ideal that food healthcare should be available to all, regardless of wealth or the ability to pay. It was established by Aneurin Bevam who was at the time health secretary. The formation of the NHS marked the start of the health service; it was the first time that doctors. Hospitals, nurses, pharmacists, opticians and dentist were brought together under one umbrella organisation. The main principles were that it was free, and it would be financed entirely from taxation, this meant that people pay into it according to their means. From the cradle to the grave This was one of the original ideas of the NHS; it would give/provide medical assistance all through a person life. The NHS was set up just after the 2nd world war and people badly needed medical help and assistance. 60 years ago medication and treatment was seen a s a source or real worry to many families and something that could not of been afforded. Other remits were that anyone living in the country and visiting could see a GP/Doctor and go the hospital for free. Before this people simply didnt go to the doctors, they couldnt afford it and would rely on home remedies and the charity of doctors giving free advice and help. If we look at the three core principles that the NHS was built on, these were; that it needs to meet the needs of everyone, that its free at the point of delivery and that is be based on clinical need, not ability to pay.(http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/ nhscoreprinciples.aspx).In July 2000, the NHS was modernised and new programmes were brought in, these required that The NHS provide a wider more comprehensive range of services, the NHS will meet the needs of individuals, their families and there carers. There were also other new programmes brought in looking at improving the NHS and how it operated as a whole. The new White Paper Liberating the NHS (2010) is the governments long term vision for the future of the NHS. It sets out that they will put patients at the heart of everything the NHS does, focus on continually improving those things that really matter (i.e. patients and the public) and finally, empower and liberate clinicians to innovate, with the freedom to focus on improving healthcare services. The government also has other key strategies: We will increase health spending in real terms in each year of this Parliament. Our goal is an NHS which achieves results that are amongst the best in the world. Putting patients and public first We will put patients at the heart of the NHS, through an information revolution and greater choice and control Improving healthcare outcomes To achieve our ambition for world-class healthcare outcomes, the service must be focused on outcomes and the quality standards that deliver them. The Governments objectives are to reduce mortality and morbidity, increase safety, and improve patient experience and outcomes for all. Autonomy, accountability and democratic legitimacy The Governments reforms will empower professionals and providers, giving them more autonomy and, in return, making them more accountable for the results they achieve, accountable to patients through choice and accountable to the public at local level. Cutting bureaucracy and improving efficiency The NHS will need to achieve unprecedented efficiency gains, with savings reinvested in front-line services, to meet the current financial challenge and the future costs of demographic and technological change Conclusion: making it happen We will maintain constancy of purpose. This White Paper is the long-term plan for the NHS in this Parliamentary term and beyond. We will give the NHS a coherent, stable, enduring framework for quality and service improvement. The debate on health should no longer be about structures and processes, but about priorities and progress in health improvement for all. (http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/@ps/documents/digitalasset/dh_117794.pdf) The proposal of the white paper is that as much as 80% of the NHS budget will be in the hands of family doctors by 2013. Many people feel that these changes are effectively being introduced without any real testing to see if they will work or if they will actually bring around better care for patients. GPs will take over from primary care trusts and purchase large chunks of care such as hospital admissions and out of hour care. The areas they will not be responsible for will fall under the care of local authorities. Englands 35,000 family doctor practices will form themselves into about 500 consortia, based on geographical area. So they could be responsible for patient populations as large as one million and as small as 100,000. They will either manage themselves or, more likely, will take on managers from the PCTs and strategic health authorities, which are also being abolished. Alternatively, they can take on a private company to manage them, and there are several waiting in the wi ngs for his opportunity. Hospitals will all be required to become foundation trusts by 2014, giving them more autonomy and freedom as to how they provide their services. They can also borrow money without asking the Treasury, and Mr Lansley is very keen that many form themselves into mutual trusts a lot like John Lewis, in which staff run the centre. Some people believe that this could all lead to the privatisation of the NHS. The new government is allowing them opportunities to step into the new regime. GPs may now have to take back the responsibilities of out of hour care. The new regime No decision about me, without me is at the heart of the white paper. What is not clear is what happens when a profit is made or, equally, when a deficit is run up. Patients should have more choices and patients will now be asked how their experience was during their care. (http://www.channel4.com/news/nhs-white-paper-liberating-the-health-service) The main benefits that should be seen from this is that GPs will know there patients on a more personal level, they will make logical decisions. It will bring costs down such as pharmaceuticals and prevent the NHS going further into debt. It will also stop them from working towards incentives. However only one in four of Britains doctors thinks the governments controversial NHS shake-up will improve patient care, according to the biggest survey of medical opinion since ministers unveiled their radical reforms. Andrew Lansleys belief that the most far-reaching changes to the service in its 62-year history will lead to higher standards is shared by only 23% of doctors There is some good news for Lansley in the poll. Of the GPs, 62% thought there were family doctors in their locality who could lead the new commissioning consortiums. And 40% of all the doctors believed the reforms would encourage closer working between GPs and their hospital colleagues (though 37% disagreed). (http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/oct/24/nhs-white-paper-doctors-survey) Political and ethical issues surrounding the inequalities in providing access to health services, in 1999 labour that were in government set up NICE (National Institute for health and Clinical Excellence). They decide what medicines should be available to the NHS. They work out whether a drug is worth paying for, weighing up its costs against the benefit it is likely to bring. They also consider is drugs or treatments will benefits patients, will help the NHS meet its targets, for example by improving cancer survival rates, Is value for money, or cost effective. The government developed NICE to get rid of the post code lottery where some drugs and treatments were available in some parts of the country, but not in others. Its worth knowing that they fund the majority of drugs they assess. Since they started in 2002, they have funded 7 out of 10 (70%) of the cancer drugs theyve assessed. However a report Exceptional Progress has found there is controversy surrounding NICE. Patients are being denied access to drugs for rarer cancers because the NHS treatment watchdog is acting contrary to the recommendations of a government inquiry, a report claims today. (NICE) is failing to follow the spirit of guidelines designed to improve access to end-of-life cancer treatments. It claims that as many as 16,000 patients have been denied access to drugs because the watchdog had concluded unfairly that they did not meet the criteria for consideration, or they were deemed too expensive without proper negotiation with pharmaceutical companies. It is unacceptable that many thousands of patients are still missing out on the treatment they need, and which their doctors want to give them, because NICE has decided that their treatment does not meet some arbitrary criteria, Mr Wilson said. He added that NICE was failing to assess drugs quickly enough taking 21 months to appraise new canc er drugs, rather than the six months promised by ministers by 2010. (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article7061769.ece) This is against the original ethics that the NHS was set up for; some patients are missing out on drugs which could be of immense benefit to them. An example of this is patient inequality in Essex where a doctor treating three people for exactly the same eye disease, treats each differently because they live in three different areas. One of the three is getting Lucentis the drug tailored to treat their condition, the second receives a drug which was not designed to treat the eye condition; but which does the job at a much smaller price, while the third is left with no drug therapy at all. The programme also spoke to best-selling author Terry Pratchett who has been forced to look elsewhere for Aricept, the Alzheimers medicine denied to him by the NHS. NICE ruled that Aricept should be limited through the NHS to people in the later stages of the disease and Pratchett is still in the early stages of PCA, an early-onset form of Alzheimers which he was diagnosed with in 2007. The author n ow pays for the drug himself which he says has been vital in allowing him to cope with the symptoms of his condition, and says that not making it available earlier to other sufferers who cannot afford to pay is an insult which needs to be re-thought. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/7563701.stm) There are big gaps between regions and areas; in some cases the north is better at treating certain conditions than the south and vice versa. A report by the Daily Mail shows how Statistics showed the average waiting time from seeing a GP to having an operation was 180 days in the Trent region, 182 days in the Northern and Yorkshire regions and 193 days in the North West. But patients must wait for 217 days in the South East, 207 days in London and 206 days in the Eastern region. There was a rise of 1.6 days in delays on average in the South East compared with the same time last year. In the same, period delays fell by 8.7 days in Trent and the North West. (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-70414/North-south-divide-NHS-waiting-times.html) Finding a dentist is becoming more and more difficult. There is a culture of drill and fill, but because dentists receive a flat salary they no longer have any financial incentive to carry out difficult work such as crowns and bridges. An NHS dentist recently resigned due to stupid system that requires him to complete 49 units of dental activity a day to fulfil his NHS contract and get paid. Under the contract, check-ups count as one unit, minor dental work and fillings no matter how many are three, while more complicated procedures can be worth up to 12. Disillusioned, he has decided to give up his practice in Penzance, Cornwall, and take early retirement, leaving his 4,000 patients without an NHS dentist in an area where 20,000 already cannot find one. (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-484066/Dentist-fed-drill-targets-quits-NHS.html) This again goes against the principles both politically and ethically. The NHS was set up to be free and give everyone the same level of treatment and help regardless of wealth. However these few examples show how it is people with money are gaining in healthcare and the NHS is stopping treatments and drugs due to financial funding, meaning that patients are losing out on much needed treatment because the government decided that its not cost effective. This is wrong ethically because you are putting a price on a persons life. Over the years healthcare has become more of a business and we are seeing more privatisation coming in. the post code lottery proves that money is at the heart of decisions on whether a patient is seen to and how they are treated. The NHS works with private sectors and third sectors to deliver better outcomes and services for patients who come first. They play an extremely important role in helping the NHS in providing much needed services. Private sectors not only help in hospital but also with services in the local community. One of there aims is to cut hospital admissions, an example of this is A private sector provider in Sheffield has installed electronic monitors in the homes of people suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, allowing them to reduce visits to hospital by 50 per cent. Another is A private sector company in Poole has put under one roof a GP surgery, a pharmacy, an optician and services for physiotherapy, back pain and podiatry. (http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/public_sector/article7050344.ece) There is also other instances were GPs have used private sectors not only to provide patients with a better service but to reduce costs. A patient in Bexley Kent needed a scan for his heart condition; this would normally mean he would be sent to his local hospital in Kent. However he picked up from his souse and was sent to a private hospital in London. The bill for this bespoke service is picked up by Peter Aylotts local primary care trust in Bexley. In the past eight months it has sent more than 80 patients to Harley Street for these scans. The alternative was to have an angiogram were 1 in 500 patients suffer a heart attack or a stroke. The scan is also cheaper, says Dr Kostas Manis, a GP in Bexley. The angiogram is  £1,300 in the NHS, and the private clinic scanner is  £900 and were negotiating to bring the figure down to  £600. This shows how the NHS working with private sectors helps not only patients in that they get a quicker appointment but they also get something that is much more beneficial and safer to them. It also allows the patients to see a specialist for longer, rather than the normal 5 10 minutes they get to see the Doctor for up to half an hour. This is truly putting the patient first, it does however, have financial benefits to it, and it reduces costs to the local GPs and makes managing their budgets much easier. Faced with a  £20m deficit in 2007, the primary care trust decided to hand over the bulk of commissioning power to GPs. They now control 70% of the  £150m budget for Bexley. This all looks good, patients get a quicker appointment, its better and more tailored to their needs and it reduces the cost of the local primary care trust, meaning that the community has more money to spend in other areas. There is also consequences however of GPs turning to private sectors. Looking at this same example, the local hospital in Kent Queen Marys hospital in Sidcup, will now lose out on patients going there for this condition, meaning that the hospital has less money coming in and could see them have a long term shortfall in revenue. There are plans by the Government to permit hospitals to compete on price for the first time, raising the prospect of two-for-one deals on surgery and cut-rate consultations for certain specialties. This will come into effect from next April. Prices for operations and other treatments are currently fixed by the Department of Health and hospital trusts are only permitted to compete on quality, offering better outcomes, cleaner wards or sho rter waiting times to win contracts from GPs. The risk is that some hospitals may lower their prices, which will be superficially appealing, but offer a less good operation and GP commissioners may not be able to spot that it is less good.

Gas Chromatography :: essays research papers

Gas Chromatography Purpose:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of the gas chromatography lab is to find out how different substances interact with the surface of a solid. Chromatography is a separation technique that depends on the relative distribution of the components of a mixture between a mobile phase and a solid stationary phase. Chromatography measures the tendency of a substance to interact with the surface of a solid or to remain in a mobile phase. When doing a chromatography lab the mobile phase has to be a substance that is either in a liquid or a gas state. In this lab the mobile phase was a gas, which is why this is called a gas chromatography lab. The different gases tested in this lab were CHCl3 and CH2Cl2. It is determined to what extent a gas interacts with the solid by injecting a known amount of the mobile gas into the carrier gas and then measuring the concentration that comes out at the end of the column. From this there was a detector that transferred the information to a computer we re it was graphed. The tendency of the gas to interact with the solid is determined by the number of theoretical plates. A substance that interacts more strongly with the surface of the solid will take more time to be carried across the stationary phase. Procedure:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pieces of a Gas Chromatograph are the gas supply, injector, column and the detector. The gas supply, or carrier gas, is the gas from the valves at the lab tables. First a coil had to be made out of copper, which would serve as the burner for the detection system. A pipet was used as the column to put the solid stationary substance into. The solid phase in this experiment was Tide. The pipet was filled with Tide detergent and cotton was inserted in both end of the pipet. The column was then secured horizontally to a ring stand using clamps. The tip of the column should be in a vertical position. The copper coil is then placed in the vertical part of the column with the coil about 1/8† above the end of the column. It is important that the copper coil be placed at the right height because if it is too low the flame will not get enough air and if the copper is to high the flame will burn below the coil.

Elmer Gantry Essay -- Essays Papers

Elmer Gantry The majority of all books are trash. Sinclair Lewis’ Elmer Gantry is a great book because it has credibility, a timeless theme, and it has the necessary action. Any book that can do that is a great book. The credibility of Elmer Gantry is something that will keep this book eternally great. Although the actual time period is dated, the plot is not dated. Most people can relate to the different characters in the book. Elmer is a pompous football player who thinks that he is higher than any religion. However, people try, and successfully convert him. He attempts to please two masters at first: his vices and God. He eventually makes the decision to live by God, but of course he will occasionally fool around with his old vices, especially adultery. Most people know someone who is like this and still somehow succeeds although he shouldn’t have. Although Elmer is more extreme than the people the reader is likely to know, he is still a very credible characters. Another thing th at makes this a timeless novel is that it has the needed action to attract the reader who only wants entertainment. Elmer often gets into fights that will keep the reader in the edge of their seat. He will face odds that most would run away from, but also has times when he backs down from a fight, such as when Brother Naylor and Brother Bains confront him about â€Å"fooling around† with Lulu. It also has enough opportunities for the modern person to think about sex although it doesn’t graphical... Elmer Gantry Essay -- Essays Papers Elmer Gantry The majority of all books are trash. Sinclair Lewis’ Elmer Gantry is a great book because it has credibility, a timeless theme, and it has the necessary action. Any book that can do that is a great book. The credibility of Elmer Gantry is something that will keep this book eternally great. Although the actual time period is dated, the plot is not dated. Most people can relate to the different characters in the book. Elmer is a pompous football player who thinks that he is higher than any religion. However, people try, and successfully convert him. He attempts to please two masters at first: his vices and God. He eventually makes the decision to live by God, but of course he will occasionally fool around with his old vices, especially adultery. Most people know someone who is like this and still somehow succeeds although he shouldn’t have. Although Elmer is more extreme than the people the reader is likely to know, he is still a very credible characters. Another thing th at makes this a timeless novel is that it has the needed action to attract the reader who only wants entertainment. Elmer often gets into fights that will keep the reader in the edge of their seat. He will face odds that most would run away from, but also has times when he backs down from a fight, such as when Brother Naylor and Brother Bains confront him about â€Å"fooling around† with Lulu. It also has enough opportunities for the modern person to think about sex although it doesn’t graphical...

The Hanging of Angelique

The Hanging of Angelique, The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montreal, written by Afua Cooper, is the story of not just Marie-Joseph Angelique, a black slave in 18th century Montreal accused, tried and hanged for arson, but gives insight into the entire African slave trade and brings to the forefront the thousands of African slaves here in Canada, a fact that has been â€Å"bulldozed and ploughed over† (P 7)1, while we ridicule our southern neighbours for their involvement in the very same industry.It is also a useful tool in the study of everyday life during this time period in New France, including their personal interactions, economic pillars, cultural beliefs, and overall social structure. Dr. Afua Cooper is a leading authority on Canadian black history and slavery; she has devoted her life to uncovering the past and educating the public on the little known subject of black slavery in Canadian history.She is a renowned presenter, scholar, poet, and author, having published five books of poetry, and several books both historical and historical fiction2 in her efforts to bring to light â€Å"Canada’s sorry history of slavery and racism† (P XII)1. She is currently the Ruth Wynn Woodward Endowed Chair in Women’s Studies at Simon Fraser University, British Columbia2.Fifteen years of research went into the telling of Angelique`s story, using a variety of methods including court and business records, including Angelique’s trial transcripts, newspapers containing advertisements for the purchase and sale of slaves (P 97)1 and other histories of slavery. It is these many details that Dr. Cooper has included that helps the reader to become immersed in the story. From the haunting description of la question ordinaire et extrodinaire (P 17-19)1, the rise and fall of Portugal as a maritime superpower (P 24)1 , and the descriptions of the city and buildings that were destroyed so easily (P 142-3)1.She tells the s tory of not only Marie-Joseph Angelique, but of all people in New France including both negro and Indian slaves, indentured labourers, and those of the higher classes. Angelique`s owners, Francois Poulin de Francheville and his wife, Therese de Couagne belonged to a social class referred to as bourgeois, â€Å"a social class of middle standing—between the aristocracy and the lower classes† (P 107)1. Their business was commerce, most notably, the â€Å"lifeblood of the colony†, the fur trade.Francois, and many others, prospered from the fur trade, it was, in fact, the main economy of the colonies at the time. Not only for the actual voyageurs and merchants, but the supplies needed for the outposts, goods to trade with the natives (especially alcohol), and transportation of these goods to the trading posts. Without support from Montreal, none of the posts would have been able to survive. The fur trade was an essential part of life in New France, not only to those directly related, it affected everyone. The trade was the pivot upon which most other affairs, especially politics, religion, and war, spun. Politicians and priests, Natives and French, merchants and voyageurs, soldiers and kings, architects and engineers all had careers made, enhanced, or unmade by the fur trade† (P 115)1. Another barrier between the rich and poor keeping the class divisions separate was the Seigneurial system, of which Angeliques owner was a part.An upper class man were granted land by the crown, and then was rented to others to work it, all the while paying the Seigneur rent and paying for the use of his mill. Only a Seigneur could own the mill, and all of the natural resources on said land, including fish, timber, or valuable metal deposits, belonged him as well. Francois Poulin de Francheville happened to be Seigneur for a plot of land about fifteen acres outside of Montreal, which just happened to be rich in iron deposits.In an effort to diversify the co lony’s economy, he obtained a twenty-year monopoly from the crown to mine the iron in the Trois-Rivieres area (P 121)1. Francheville continued to support the fur trade, still the pivot of life in the colonies by selling manufactured goods such as sewing needles, cookware, and stoves, but the majority of the steel was used by France for shipbuilding and military equipment. Montreal was no longer economically dependant on the fur trade.Among the classes of New France, Angelique was at the very bottom, disadvantaged on three fronts. Not only was she a slave, but she was a black female slave. After the black slaves were the Indian slaves, or Panis (P 81)1, free blacks, indentured labourers, and then the traders, bourgeois, and Nobles that made up the high society. Though the class structure was quite rigid, there was room for movement in the ranks. Angelique was romantically involved with Claude Thibault, an indentured labourer in the same household as herself.Though Claude was n ot a slave, he was contracted for three years and was paid for the work he did, he wished to escape the colonies and return to France. The pair did escape once, but were caught, and he was believed to be Angelique`s accomplice in setting the fire. As those in lower classes mingled and formed bonds, so too did the middle and higher classes, though for different reasons. Francois Poulin de Francheville was a social climber, and in order to expand his social circle, he married the daughter of a very influential and rich Montreal merchant, Therese de Couagne.Where Angelique and Claude had shared frustration and humiliation of serving others, the marriage of Francois and Therese was a mutually beneficial agreement mostly due to money and family connections. Though Patriarchy was the dominant ideology at the time, white women still had some freedom. Black slave women were advertised for sale usually as house servants, the ability to cook, clean, and do household chores were the selling po ints. They were seen as not being able to do any more than such duties.When her husband died, however, Therese de Couagne, being a high class white woman, took full control of all of her husband’s business dealings and they flourished. Not only were men seen as better than women, white women were more capable than black. Legal procedure when prosecuting Marie-Joseph Angelique was shockingly different to that which is practiced today. Pierre Raimbault, Angelique’s prosecutor, gathered evidence and prepared the case against Angelique. The evidence against her was strong, several witnesses testified against her, and she had motive, being a mistreated and angry slave.She was found guilty by the judge, who was not entirely impartial because he, like many others, had lost most of his possessions in the fire. Her sentence was to â€Å"be condemned to make honourable amends, and to have her hand cut off, and that she be thrown alive into the fire in a place in this town deeme d most appropriate, after having been subjected to la question ordinaire et extraordinaire in order that she name her accomplices and that the judgement of the one named Thibault be delayed until the said accused has suffered such interrogation† (P 254)1.Angelique`s punishment was appealed, and downgraded, but such brutal punishments were quite common in European societies, carried out on perpetrators of such crimes believed despicable, others included burnt alive, boiled, quartered, covered in hot oil or tar (P 255)1. La question ordinaire et extraordinaire was, indeed, torture. The judge not only wanted a confession from Angelique, he wanted her to name her former lover, Thibault, as her accomplice, so that he too could be executed.Once again, not exactly promising for a â€Å"fair and unbiased† trial. Afua Cooper’s The Hanging of Angelique, The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montreal not only shows an overview of the African slave trad e and its beginnings, the overall social structure, cultural beliefs and economic backbone of New France, but she also succeeds in showing the indomitable nature of the human spirit by showing no matter how little freedom she has, Angelique still finds ways to rebel.It shows the class distinctions that ruled people’s lives in the 18th century Canada that no longer exist to such an extent, the way they lived, whether by the fur trade, or farming, or as a government official. It is a great example of how Canada has grown from small colonies with little to no economic diversity, and rigid class structure ruled by societal pressure where slaves were a sign of prestige, to a multicultural developed country today.

The Scarlet Letter-Analysis of Hester

The title of Chapter 13 is â€Å"Another view of Hester†. This chapter is a discussion of Hester's personality, intellect and character as well as an update of several years she had been passing through. â€Å"Another view† in the title refers to both the changing perception of the Puritan society toward Hester and also the description of her which narrator told. Hester's position in the eyes of the Puritan community has considerably changed due to her kindness and charity. She has borne her shame and sorrow with great dignity. The town describes her now as one â€Å"who is so kind to the poor, helpful to the sick, so comfortable to the afflicted! † Hester has become very active in society. She brings food to the poor; she takes care of the sick. Now the scarlet letter has magical qualities, and myths are growing around its power, more people are beginning to interpret the â€Å"A† on her chest as meaning â€Å"Able† rather than â€Å"Adulterer. †. But this new definition of Hester Prynne is not without a price. Her luxuriant beauty, and the warmth, charm, and passion that she once showed have been replaced by coldness, severity, and drabness. There is no affection, love, or passion in her life. Her humanity has been stripped from her by the severity of her punishment, and her charity and benevolence seem mechanical. â€Å"Some attribute had departed from her, the permanence of which had been essential to keep her a woman. †(160) It reveals that Hester had been afflicted with a conscience, and the letter â€Å"A† is whipping her heart all the time to remind the sin as well as confining Hester’s in an invisible jail. But this jail never confined her thought; actually it became a single space for Hester. Burning by the â€Å"red-hot brand† of the letter, Hester has become â€Å"a bare and harsh outline† of her former self. She has become more speculative, thinking about how something is â€Å"amiss† in Pearl. Her life, having â€Å"changed from passion and feeling to thought†¦ she assumed a freedom of speculation†¦ which, had they known it, would have held to be a deadlier crime than that stigmatized by the scarlet letter. (161) The narrator speculates that, had it not been for her responsibilities to little Pearl, Hester â€Å"might have come down to us in history, hand in hand with Anne Hutchinson, as the foundress of a religious sect†(161) and quite probably would have been executed for â€Å"attempting to undermine the foundations of the Puritan establishment. †(161) To some extent, these changes on Hester were all due to the scarlet letter which has effectively humbled her as planned. In reality â€Å"The scarlet letter had not done its office. †(163)The scarlet letter has not led her to contemplate her sin and possible salvation. Rather, it has led her to unholy speculations, thoughts of suicide and ruminations about the unfair of women. In fact, Hester’s feminist thinking has led her to realize that she needn’t to accept or pay attention to the town’s opinion of her at all—Some believe that her punishment is sufficient and that she should no longer wear the scarlet letter. But she refused to flee Boston when Pearl was an infant because at the time she did not believe that her fellow men and women should have the power to judge her. Now, Hester refuses to remove the scarlet letter—she understands that its removal would be as meaningless as its original placement. It’s her redemption, identity and, she believes, her soul’s salvation are matters that are between her and God. To put chapter 13 here seems unreasonable, however it’s an important turning point of the story. From here on, Hawthorne revealed a lot of Hester’s insight, and told the reason that affects her actions in the future. It makes sense that why Hester talks to Dimmesdale in the forest and decide to run away with him. It refers that Hester Prynne changes from a shameful scared woman, to one that is able and not afraid of what the future has to hold. For seven years, Hester is shrouded in the shadow of the scarlet letter and is weighed down with the burden of guilt and humiliation over her sin and over the public nature of her punishment. If Hawthorne delete this chapter or move it into someplace else, it will be hard for readers to understand and anticipate the following plots. This chapter seems very single, lonely in this book, but it has an effect of connecting episodes, and as well reveals that the scarlet letter the possibility, though faint, is still there.