What challenges have the student in Stream A’s ‘Academic Culture and Learning’ classes

Abstraction The online in category study was conducted in March 2014. This study is demoing some jobs with international pupils, such as academic conventions and civilization daze. In SIBT many pupils have these jobs, it could be influence pupils study in abroad state. For these jobs, there are some recommendations for these jobs pupils can seek to do new friends, besides school can do some group to allow pupils cognize new friends and understand the new civilization. At same clip, make pupils follow new survey manner, it will be helpful their survey, because civilization daze and academic conventions are chief jobs for international pupils, if they can work out those jobs it will be good for their life and survey in abroad state. Introduction There has been a addition in international pupils over the last decennaries. Sydney Institute of Business and Technology ( SIBT ) is a chief instruction institute in NSW that accommodates IS demands. Academic civilization and acquisition ( CAL ) is a class that teaches academic English and is a mandatory unit. There are eight categories short in CAL and this research is on these categories. Loneliness and homesickness are two of import jobs which can be impact IS. Students and universities should be overcome all of the jobs with survey in abroad. This study give the information about challenges to the abroad pupils. Literature Review There is no inquiry, nowadays international pupils ( IS ) survey in other states, they will confront many different jobs, it will be act upon their survey, such as civilization daze and academic conventions. Duworth ( 2010 ) province that in Australian higher instruction one of the of import things for pupils is English linguistic communication degrees, particularly for international pupils. Harmonizing to Oweas ( 2011 ) , to assist the exchange pupils get more experiences about Australian instruction theoretical account, it deployed by critical battle with diverse stuffs in altering contexts. Gary & A ; Murray ( 2011 ) province that the importance of written and unwritten communicating accomplishments are agreed by surveies of communicating in accounting. For this point both formal and informal surveies have tended to utilize general footings. Hellsten & A ; Prescott ( 2004 ) province that the of import job about Asiatic pupils are that they think it is hard to lend with others in category and discus with each other. Brick ( 2006 ) province that civilization daze is a broad scope of symptoms what result when a individual is forced to transport at the normal maps of day-to-day life in unfamiliar ways, it is named of civilization daze. Xia ( 2009 ) province the civilization daze is the chief manner to giving people negative impact. It shows a portion of solutions and evolutes the effectivity The methods Participants There are 118 CAL A pupils who study in SIBT. All most people from China, other people from Asiatic and Saudi Arabia. Procedures The questionnaire or study carried out online. CAL pupils, such as figure and per centum. The SIBT pupils were the research worker. Measures There two sorts of inquiries civilization daze and academic conventions. In civilization daze, there are many inquiries, such as civilization daze since coming to Australia, what kinds of civilization daze. In adamic conventions, English hard to grok during periods of hearing, written English is reasonably easy. It is easy to written English during the category clip. Consequences From the research, it can be seen homesickness ( 49.15 % ) and solitariness ( 35.59 % ) is large job for CAL students.to solve those jobs, about pupils spend clip with friends ( 55.93 % ) , other pupils try to make something to work out these jobs. In academic conventions, about pupils think listening is non job for them, but there are still have other jobs such as 35.59 % pupils thick English is hard for them. After this, 40.68 % pupils believe their unwritten English is clear and easy understand, merely 17.80 % pupil disagree with it. Student troubles with geting new academic conventions. Learning new academic content is non easy for pupil, such as linguistic communication job and category acquisition, they are troubles for pupil geting new academic conventions. For illustration, merely 15.25 % pupils think listening is bot job for them, and more than half pupils think they have composing job. Some pupils ( 34.75 % ) believe it hard to understand the content of their talks. Dunworth ( 2010 ) province that in Australian, the English linguistic communication conventions degrees of pupil has becomes a important job, it is peculiarly for abroad pupils. For international pupils, a linguistic communication degree is really of import, because it non merely impacts their survey, but besides it can impact their life in other state. Gary & A ; Murray ( 2011 ) province that composing and unwritten communicating accomplishments are of import for survey. If a individual can speak with each other and at same clip he or she can compose anything about their survey or occupation it wi ll be easy for their survey or work. In decision, linguistic communication and adapt to the new acquisition environment is really of import fir international pupils, because it non merely assist their survey or woke, besides it can be impact their life in abroad state. The impact of civilization daze symptoms on the ability to analyze. Culture daze means when people coming to new topographic point and follow out the different day-to-day life. This job is when a individual moves to new civilization background work and unrecorded. For civilization daze, differences look. The being of cultural differences cause misunderstand or mistakes in the procedure of English acquisition. In the research of CAL pupils, 45 % of pupils agree with this, when they coming to Australian, they have been cognizant of some affect are civilization daze. As consequence, civilization daze is the average manner to act upon pupils analyze in new civilization background. Xia ( 2009 ) states that, civilization daze, the feelings like haplessness, it is of import for some people who come into contact with new civilization. In the study consequence, there are 18.64 % pupils think they are deficiency of focal point or trouble with concentrations. At the same clip, Birck ( 2006 ) province that headaches contestant fatigue, trouble in kiping. All of those jobs are physical symptoms of civilization daze, from the study consequences, more than half pupils believe that they got those jobs. Decision The most important findings of this study include what is civilization daze, what civilization daze influence, and the symptoms of civilization daze. For illustration, fatigue, solitariness, homesickness and concerns, all of these jobs cause from civilization daze, both psychological science and physical jobs are really of import for pupils, because these jobs will impact pupils analyze and lives. Brick ( 2006 ) states that civilization daze, itself in feelings in annoyance and restlessness, the development of negative stereotypes of the host civilization. Besides Xia ( 2009 ) province that civilization daze is the chief ground to given negative and impact IS survey in other civilization. Dunworth ( 2010 ) province that in Australia, the English linguistic communication convention degrees are really of import, because it can be help pupils better their linguistic communication accomplishments. For this study it clearly pointed out the negative and impact from civilization daze and ac ademic conventions. However, it dose non give the clear suggest. As the consequence, it could be give some good solutions to assist IS survey in other civilization. Recommendations for pupils and universities [ Type text ] Page 1

Sepsis Systemic Immune Response Health And Social Care Essay

Sepsis is defined by the clinical marks and symptoms of a systemic immune response to infection. ( 1-2 ) Presently, sepsis on a world-wide degree creates a important degree of mortality ; and consequences in about one tierce of all Intensive Care admittances. ( 3-5 ) In Victoria entirely there are about 8500 admittances to Emergency Departments with patients enduring from sepsis ( 3 ) and this figure is increasing. Sepsis intervention can be initiated with a wide spectrum antibiotic, and so transferred onto a specific antibiotic regimen. Presently the degree of pre infirmary informations available on the direction of sepsis is really limited and the most advanced theoretical account has been initiated in the United Kingdom ; including a pre infirmary testing tool and so the infirmary direction known as the ‘Sepsis six ‘ . ( 6 ) Pre hospital direction can be utilised to the full potency of paramedics developing and cognition with the disposal of pre infirmary antibiotics ; nevertheless this is non without hazard. Possibly the opposition to manus over the authorization to paramedics in the United States is the impression of making a ace bug ; similar to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures. This paper proposes that the disposal of antibiotics in the pre hospital field does transport some hazard, but the research suggest that the benefits clearly outweigh these hazards. A new pre infirmary guideline must be created due to the sheer figure of Emergency Department admittances. The possible to do a important difference to a patient ‘s result is imperative.EpidemiologyIt has been extremely researched and reported across the universe that sepsis is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and topographic points an tremendous fiscal load on the several wellness system. ( 2, 5, 7 ) Statistics from Australia, United States and the United Kingdom are similar in nature and supply a wealth of information sing the epidemiology of sepsis. Sepsis in the Uni ted States has been recognised as a public wellness issue, ( 8 ) with surveies describing that there are 300 reported instances per 100,000 with about 40 % mortality. ( 5, 7-9 ) Severe sepsis in the United land histories for 27 % of Intensive Care Unit admittances ( 4 ) and this is comparable with 23.8 % of Intensive Care admittances in Victoria, Australia. ( 3 ) However it may be noted that this information is non really recent and that in the clip of survey the incidence was increasing by about 9 % per twelvemonth ; whilst besides describing a lessening in the figure of deceases associated with sepsis from about 45 % to 37.7 % . ( 5, 7, 9 ) Whilst many surveies report the figure of admittances, few report the age distribution of patients showing with sepsis. Sundararajan et. Al. high spot that the age distribution within their survey was bimodal which identified that the age brackets at the extremes of the spectrum were over represented ; with kids less than 1 and grownups in the 70-79 age bracket. ( 3 ) Upon farther probe into the types of causative pathology doing sepsis in these patients ; gram positive beings account for 28 % , gram negative for 20 % , fungous infections 2 % and other beings for 49 % . ( 3 ) These figures are comparable with a survey conducted by MacArthur et. Al. of about 2634 patients with about 30 % identified as gm positive and 26 % gram negative bacteriums. ( 10 )Pathophysiology and clinical characteristicsWhat is Sepsis?Sepsis is an infection induced syndrome and the clinical visual aspect in nature is the effects of cellular interactions between the host and invading pathogen. ( 2, 11-12 ) Sepsis may be initialised by drawn-out local redness to extinguish and unclutter the invading pathogen. The 2nd line of defense mechanism against occupying pathogens involves the production and activation of leucocytes at the local site of infection. ( 13-14 ) Throughout this stage, immune cells identify the pathogen through pattern acknowledgme nt protein receptors on the cells. ( 15 ) An illustration of one of these receptors are toll like receptors and these are among the acknowledgment receptors which have the ability to trip immune cells, bring oning the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the stimulation with bacteriums and viral proteins ( depending on the infection ) . ( 15-16 ) The occupying pathogen may originate the complement tract of the immune system, leting leucocytes to phagocytose [ digest ] the pathogen. If the host fails to restrict the invading pathogen to a local country, the pathogen may occupy the blood stream. ( 16 ) If phagocytosis continues in the blood watercourse, toxic substances released by the pathogen may leak straight into the blood stream ; these include endotoxins released by gram negative bacteriums ( 17 ) and lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan released by gram positive bacteriums. ( 18 ) These byproducts of phagocytosis and decease of the cell may trip a systemic a ctivation of the complement system and excite the production of inflammatory cytokines. ( 19 ) Subsequently taking to an increased excessive and prolonged inflammatory response. ( 20 ) The consequence of this drawn-out response leads to Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ( SIRS ) which is the consequence of either direct or indirectly through the production and activation of azotic oxide, oxidizers and proteolytic enzymes which is known to hold the possible to take to inflammation induced organ hurt. An illustration of this would be Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. ( 16, 20 ) SIRS is characterised by two or more of the undermentioned: organic structure temperature & gt ; 38A °C or & lt ; 36A °C, bosom rate & gt ; 90 beats per minute, respiratory rate & gt ; 20 per minute or arterial CO2 & gt ; 32mmhg or a demand for unreal airing, and white blood count greater than 12,000/mm3 or & lt ; 4000mm3 or & gt ; 10 % immature signifiers. ( 21 ) Sir can be besides initiated non m erely by infection, it may besides develop as a consequence of injury, ischaemic hurt or unfertile redness. ( 22 )What is terrible sepsis?If SIRS is left untreated, this response so cascades into what is known as terrible sepsis. Severe sepsis is defined as ‘sepsis associated with organ disfunction, hypoperfusion or hypotension responsive to fluid resuscitation ‘ . ( 23 ) This can come on to infected daze, which involves ‘persistent hypotension unresponsive to fluid disposal ‘ . ( 23 ) An illustration of terrible sepsis is called Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome ( MODS ) . This occurs when the infection of the blood stream leads to progressive failure of two or more organ systems which result from a drawn-out and uncontrolled inflammatory response. This organ disfunction can take to possible organ failure and decease. ( 19 )Analyse grounds associating to the prehospital direction of sepsis to place hazards and benefits of paramedic-initiated antibiotic the rapy ;Sibley and Sibley ( 23 ) suggest that if Emergency Medical Services ( EMS ) or Paramedics have a patient enduring from suspected sepsis, that they must be managed with O therapy, good documented critical marks and IV entree to originate unstable resuscitation. ( 24 ) The end for EMS is to keep systolic blood force per unit area merely above 90mm Hg, with a Mean arterial force per unit area of 65mm Hg as any higher has the possible to decline cardiac end product, with inauspicious reactions. ( 24-26 ) Other surveies support the impression of keeping Mean arterial force per unit area at 65mm Hg as there is no clinical benefit to increasing this value higher. ( 27-28 ) Sibley and Sibley ( 23 ) contradict many other surveies which suggest that early empiric antibiotic intervention of patients suspected of holding sepsis is a standard pattern ; and the earlier intervention is initiated, the more positive the result. ( 2, 6, 8, 10, 16, 25, 29-30 ) Empirical antibiotic intervention is the usage of a wide spectrum antibiotic whilst curative intervention with antibiotics is the induction of antibiotic intervention after blood civilizations are taken and the specific pathogen is identified. ( 31 ) Whilst empirical antibiotic intervention in the direction of sepsis may be the initial drug of pick, it is in the patient ‘s best involvement that appropriate antibiotic therapy is continued within the infirmary. Appropriate antibiotic therapy is defined as â€Å" the usage of an antimicrobic agent that is right on the footing of all available clinical, pharmacological and microbiological grounds. † ( 32 ) With regard to the pre-hospital disposal of antibiotic therapy, a recent survey concluded that, if a patient is enduring infected daze, with each hr of hold in antibiotic disposal after the oncoming of hypotension was associated with an mean lessening in endurance of about 8 % . ( 33 ) However, a possible job with empirica l antibiotic intervention is that because sepsis is non the consequence of a individual pathogen, the usage of empirical antibiotics may non cover the pathogen doing the disease or unwellness. Broad spectrum antibiotics may ‘bide clip ‘ until blood civilizations and appropriate testing can be done within a infirmary scene. The current research suggests that the antibiotic choice used to handle conditions such as sepsis has a profound impact on patient results ( 34 ) and this is besides the instance with unequal antibiotic therapy, where the invading pathogen is non being efficaciously treated. ( 31 ) With respect to the empirical intervention, there are many different signifiers of pathogens that can do sepsis, including Staphylococcus aures, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ( 10 ) With this in head, the aforesaid figures that approximately 28 % of infected patients are caused by a gm discoloration positive, and 20 % of patients are gram discoloration negative, and the remainder being about 52 % ( 3, 10 ) , the impression is that wide spectrum antibiotics may non cover these specific pathogens, hence rendering intervention useless. Potentially this could take to a negative or inauspicious result. An International Initiative, the ‘Surviving Sepsis Campaign ‘ ( 30, 35 ) and the Critical Care Community in the United Kingdom ( 6 ) ab initio concentrated on educating exigency section staff to advance the debut of direction of sepsis known as ‘Early Goal Directed Therapy ‘ . Upon reappraisal, hapless execution of this enterprise and resuscitation lead the instruction staff involved to a move to aim the staff working in countries outside of the exigency section, including the execution of an operationalised resuscitation direction program referred to as the ‘Sepsis Six ‘ . The ‘Sepsis Six ‘ involves the disposal of high flow O, blood civilizations, IV antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, step serum lactate and hemoglobin and the interpolation of a urinary catheter to mensurate urine end product. The ‘Sepsis Six ‘ can be implemented by hospital staff with different accomplishment sets in the first hr following the diagnosing of sepsis and can do a important part to diminishing mortality. ( 6 ) With regard to the principle of the ‘Sepsis Six ‘ Robson et. Al. proposes that constituents of this intervention can be initiated pre infirmary, and interestingly, the writers besides highlight that pre infirmary sepsis attention is unusual, but pre infirmary cardiac attention is common. The inquiry remains as to why that is. Given that all the literature available suggests that there is a important lessening in morbidity and mortality associated with early antibiotic intervention. Within Ambulance Victoria, the current direction for the intervention of terrible sepsis has non been established. Merely a guideline is specifically written for meningococcal blood poisoning which allows paramedics to administrate Ceftriaxone in the pre infirmary field in the suspected instance of meningococcal blood poisoning. ( 36 ) Walker ( 37 ) proposes that in the twelvemonth 2003, meningococcal disease affected about 500 Australians with about 100 of these instances showing in Victoria. It would look logical that an appropriate guideline is established for sepsis and terrible sepsis based on the available informations from Sundararajan et. Al. ( 3 ) which suggest within a 4 twelvemonth clip frame, about 34,000 admittances to hospital were identified as enduring from sepsis. However, it must be recognised that this lone histories for 1.1 % of the entire figure of admittances to Victorian exigency sections. ( 3 ) This is well more hospital admittances when compared with meningoc occal blood poisoning, with similar, if non more deathly effects. Possibly the idea of utilising empirical antibiotic therapy doing a ‘super bug ‘ with sepsis is debateable. Whilst many surveies report that Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures is developed within the infirmary system ( 38 ) instead than the community based scene ; this attitude is altering with larger Numberss of community acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures being reported, ( 39 ) with an estimated 50 % of the population being a bearer of the bacteriums. ( 40 ) The concern of physicians and other wellness professionals to the idea of originating intervention with an empirical antibiotic may be a consequence of old traffics with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures has evolved and mutated to be come ‘resistant ‘ over coevalss with different strains of antibiotic that were ab initio effectual at extinguishing the bacterial pathogen. ( 41 ) The idea that exposing such a wide spectrum antibi otic ; for illustration Rocephin, ( a Mefoxin antibiotic ) is that the exposure of a drug like this may potentially originate a familial mutant in potentially a broad spread of different strains of pathogens. Many surveies have investigated the usage of empirical antibiotics and besides the possibility of non merely one pathogen doing disease, hence developing an appropriate antibiotic government. This makes logical sense nevertheless, with consideration to the possible to do a familial mutant, exposing a pathogen to several antibiotics may hold the possible to bring forth a immune strain to non merely one antibiotic, but several. The surprising intelligence is that these surveies have proven to hold small or no excess consequence in cut downing mortality. ( 42-43 ) Walker ( 37 ) proposes that the disposal of pre infirmary antibiotics by paramedics does hold the potency for complications, including inauspicious reactions such as anaphylaxis and vasomotor prostration. However, the hazard of antibiotic disposal is no different to the disposal of any other drug, with possible side effects and inauspicious reactions specific to single patients.Synthesise recommendations for paramedic direction of sepsis based on available grounds.Pre infirmary informations available on the intervention and direction of infected patients are scarce. It is apparent that more research needs to be undertaken in order to right place infected patients and originate early intervention. However the inquiry remains as to whether informations will of all time be available due to the possible inauspicious reactions and the ethical quandary environing the prospective withholding of intervention to patients. The information that is available suggest that paramedics can do a diff erence in the possible results of these patients. A mortality rate of stopping point to 40 % is unacceptable. It is proposed that paramedics undertake a similar theoretical account to the ‘Sepsis Six ‘ with an available pre infirmary testing tool ; similar to what the United Kingdom propose. This involves the designation of systemic engagement of the immune system by using the categorization for SIRS ; whilst utilizing this in concurrence with history of a new infection. Taking both of these into consideration, relentless hypotension, low O impregnation and deficiency of urine end product classifies pre hospital patients as enduring from terrible sepsis. ( 6 ) Paramedics are an built-in portion of the wellness attention squad and within the United States they are being overlooked and possible accomplishments are being disregarded and this is still non understood when the literature suggest that early intervention does do a difference in results. With respect to the early disposal of antibiotics, non all patients will name at the oncoming of symptoms. Many will wait until the status is intolerable or they feel like they are deteriorating, therefore it is of import that empirical antibiotic therapy is undertaken at the earliest chance. From the available literature ; the United Kingdom ‘s theoretical account is the gilded criterion in footings of pre infirmary showing and direction of sepsis. Paramedics are extremely trained wellness professionals and are able to pull off infected patients consequently, and as antecedently mentioned, the sepsis six involves high flow O, blood civilizations, IV antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, measured serum lactate and hemoglobin and urinary catheter and step urine end product. This paper does non suggest that paramedics undertake all of the intervention outlined, but alternatively have the ability to originate O therapy, deliver endovenous fluid and antibiotics ; and potentially have the ability to take blood civilizations to manus over to the infirmary. However, it must be emphasised that excess on scene clip to finish these appraisals and intervention must be taken into consideration every bit good as how long till the nearest infirmary. Besides of import to observe that paramedics must advise a receiving infirmary so that the infirmary can suitably triage ( 44 ) and use the pre infirmary pickings of blood in the beginning of faster intervention and supply the ability to originate an appropriate antibiotic government. Possibly a reappraisal of the current guideline in Victoria is needed to widen the range of paramedic pattern to test for possible infected patients, as the literature suggest that this current proportion of patients are exponentionally increasing. However ; it may be easy to theorize alterations that need to be made to the system, and this will take clip and money. Walker ( 37 ) proposes from a direction position there are important costs associated with the antibiotics, preparation and appraisal and on-going replacing of antibiotics on all vehicles. Therefore it is imperative to go on research and hence implement a new guideline into ambulance pattern ; which will profit the wellness of all invested parties. The early acknowledgment and direction of sepsis has deductions on possible patient result. Sepsis has an highly high mortality associated with it and as mentioned antecedently the Oklahoman antibiotics can be administered ; the rapid lessening in patient morbidity and mortality. With regard to the high Numberss of presentations to Victorian exigency sections and intensive attention admittances ; this is mirrored throughout the universe. One of the of import points to understand that the admittances to intensive attention can be avoided if sepsis is recognised earlier and paramedics may hold a important impact on the acknowledgment and disposal of antibiotics, as infected patients have the possible to be really unwell. The fiscal load on the wellness system is tremendous with one survey theorizing that the United States approximate spend on sepsis entirely to be 16 billion dollars. ( 2, 7 ) Data is unavailable from Victoria and Australia ; nevertheless the costs associated with suppl ying antibiotics for the direction of sepsis will be less than handling in an Intensive Care Unit.DecisionOne of the chief repeating subjects throughout this paper is that sepsis and terrible sepsis have a high association with morbidity and mortality, even though the figure of presentations have increased. The point needs to be emphasised that current direction is non good plenty. The research within infirmaries is apparent, that early antibiotic intervention of patients enduring from sepsis has profound effects on endurance and recovery. Paramedics are potentially the first line of wellness attention workers exposed to patients enduring terrible sepsis and have the ability to move with wide spectrum antibiotics. Within Victoria, ambulances already carry Ceftriaxone ; an illustration of a wide spectrum antibiotic. A guideline particular to sepsis demands to be developed and implemented in the pre infirmary field, potentially on the footing of the United Kingdom ‘s theoretical account of recognizing terrible sepsis. The cost benefit analysis of implementing a new guideline, with the possible disposal of antibiotics to more patients would badly outweigh the costs associated with an admittance to an intensive attention installation. The impression of taking pre infirmary blood and advising a receiving infirmary of the possible infected patient may originate appropriate intervention faster. Paramedics have the ability to do a difference with this clip critical patient.

Kalimunda Hakim Internship Report 2012

1 INTERNSHIP REPORT MTN RWANDA PO BOX 264 BY Kalimunda Hakim Student At RTUC Bachelor In Business Information Technologies _____________________ SUPERVISED BY Aymard Mbonabucya Information & Network Security Administrator _____________________ FROM 26 November, 2012 TO 15 January, 2013 INTERNSHIP REPORT 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am deeply intended to almighty God who has protected me through the whole period of internship.My special thanks are addressed to the MTN RWANDA administration for giving me such opportunity of passing an internship in their company, My sincere acknowledgement go to the Human resource Director Merry Assimwe for their acceptance of my intern . Thank you for all. I am grateful to my Supervisor Aymard MBONABUCYA for being a best man I have ever known and his modesty, encouragement and understanding s on all my daily questions and answer it because of his spiritual and technical support; I used to became free to ask any question regarding network because he is very goo d at networking, may thanks be given to him.I finally thank all MTN staff in technology department for their good collaboration during this very important internship. INTERNSHIP REPORT 3 PREFACE The purpose of this report is to fulfill the internship requirement for the Bachelor degree in Business Information Technology program at Rwanda Tourism University College ; to till 15 January, 2013) with a private organizations in Rwanda called MTN RWANDA. successes and short. explain what I did achieved and learned during my internship period (26 November, 2012 The report focuses primarily on intern’s duties and responsibilities, internship results, its INTERNSHIP REPORT 4 About MTN RwandaMTN is a global communications company and world-class cellular network. empowerment. As a major communications company, MTN is specifically focused on the Africa and the Middle East. We believe that through access to communication comes economic Serving you since 1998, MTN Rwanda continues to expa nd its network, offer new and innovative packages and services and keep up with the latest trends in communications while maintaining affordability. MTN Mobile Money has transacted over US$36 million Bulk Payment Services. MTN Rwanda has over 2. 9 million subscribers and its network coverage extends to over 98% of the population. ince its launch in 2010. The payment platform is now offering Cash Power Top-up and INTERNSHIP REPORT 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 BACKGROUND OF COMPANY. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. 1. OVERVIEW OF SWITCHING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. II. 1. OVERVIEW OF ROUTING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. II. 2. CONCEPTS OF ROUTING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ?II. 2. CONCEPTS OF SWITCHING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 CHAPTER II. PRESENATION ON SWITCHING AND ROUTING CONCEPTS AND CONFIGURATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦II. 3. SOME CONFIGURATION OF SWITCHING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. II. II. 3. SOME CONFIGURATION OF ROUTING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. III. NETWORK LAYER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. III. 2. CISCO HIERARCHIAL LAYER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. III. 3. CORE LAYER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. III. 4. DISTRIBUTION LAYER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. III. 5. ACCESS LAYER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. III. 1. OVERVIEW OF NETWORK LAYER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. IV. NETWORK DESIGN CONCEPT †¦. II. IV. 1. THEORIES ON NETWORK DESIGN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. IV. 4 SWITCH PASSWORD RECOVERY II. IV. 2. OVERVIEW ON VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK (VLAN) II. IV. 5. FIREWALL PASSWORD RECOVERY II. IV. 3. ROUTER PASSWORD RECOVERY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..INTERNSHIP REPORT 6 INTERNSHIP REPORT 7 Chapter 2. Presentation on switching, routing concepts and configuration II. 1. OVERVIEW OF SWITCH What is switching? Networking concept has two basic concepts and they are Switching and Routing . They using one of these methods. are fundamental concepts in Networking ,other topics like network security are based on these concept. Routing and Switching are the base packet or data delivering methods in When we are talking about the switching ,the protocols and concepts are related to the layer 2 and data packets with in this layer that are called frame . re bigger and bigger and also more expensive. 10base5, 10base-T for cabling were used . . Better switches have more choices than 2 condition and because of this capacity, they In Networking there is a long history for switches. At first time the direct connection network and each device like router , switch , hub , firewall , proxy , cash server, modem are As you know the switch refers to the device that can select one condition from 2 or more conditions .For example an electrical switch can select 0 as turn off and select 1 for turn on between to or more computer used to make a network and such technology like 10base2, In those technologies , the base topology was BUS Technology and the most advanced of more devices for sending and receiving data , and when a device wants to send data for figure below we can see a logical view to a hub and the meaning of bus . II. 2. CONCEPTS OF SWITCHING this technology is HUB. A bus or data bus refers to the one link(shared link) between 2 or another device ,this bus should be empty and none of devices should not use the bus . In INTERNSHIP REPORT FIGURE 1: SWITCH II. 3. SOME CONFIGURATION OF SWITCHING Command switch>? switch>enable switch# switch#disable switch>exit switch#show version switch#show flash: switch#show mac-addresstable switch#show running-config switch# show startup-config switch#show vlan switch#show interfaces switch#show interface vlan1 descriptions The ? works here the same as in a router Used to get the list of all available commands User mode, same as a router Privileged mode Leaves privileged mode Leaves user mode Displays information about software and hardware. Displays information about flash memory (will work only for the 2900/2950 series).Displays the current MAC address forwarding table . Displays the current configuration in DRAM. Displays the current configuration in NVRAM. Displays the current VLAN configuration. Displays the interface configuration and status of line: up/up, up/down, admin down. Displays setting of virtual interface VLAN 1, the default VLAN on the switch. INTERNSHIP REPORT 9 II. II. 1. OVERVIEW OF ROUTING is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send network traffic. Routing is performed for many kinds of networks, including the telephone network (circuit switching technology.R outers switching), electronic data networks (such as the Internet), and transportation networks. This article is concerned primarily with routing in electronic data networks using packet II. II. 2. CONCEPTS OF ROUTING Whereas switches and bridges operate at OSI Layer 2 (the data link layer), routers primarily operate at OSI Layer 3 (the network layer). Like bridging, make the forwarding decisions. Routers make decisions based on network layer protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP) and Novell NetWare Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX). growing beyond the capability of bridges. Before this popularity, networ he primary act of routing involves moving packets across a network from a source to a destination. The difference involves the information that is used to Routing gained popularity in the mid- to late 1980s as a result of internetworks Figure 2: Image of Router II. II. 3. SOME CONFIGURATION OF ROUTING modes, and the resulting prompts. The prompt helps you identify which mode you are in and, therefore, which commands are available to you: Mode of Operation Usage Mode How to Enter the Prompt The following table describes some of the most commonly used modes, how to enter the INTERNSHIP REPORT 10User EXEC Change terminal settings on a temporary basis, perform basic tests, and list system information. First level accessed. Router> Privileged EXEC Global Config System administration, set operating parameters. Modify configuration that affect the system as a whole. Modify the operation of an interface. Create the initial configuration. From user EXEC mode, enter enable password command Interface Config Setup From privileged EXEC, enter configure terminal. From global mode, enter interface type number. Router# Router(config)# Router(config-if)# Prompted dialog From privileged EXEC mode, enter command setup. User EXEC Mode:When you are connected to the router, you are started in user EXEC mode. The user EXEC commands are a subset of the privileged EXEC commands. P rivileged EXEC Mode: Privileged commands include the following: †¢ Configure – Changes the software configuration. Enter the command disable to exit from the privileged EXEC mode and return to user EXEC mode. †¢ Debug – Display process and hardware event messages. †¢ Setup – Enter configuration information at the prompts. INTERNSHIP REPORT 11 Configuration Mode Configuration mode has a set of submodes that you use for modifying interface settings, routing protocol settings, line settings, and so forth.Use caution with configuration mode because all changes you enter take effect immediately. Note: To enter configuration mode, enter the command configure terminal and exit by pressing Ctrl-Z. Almost every configuration command also has a no form. In general, use the no form to disable a feature or function. Use the command without the keyword no to re-enable a disabled feature or to enable a feature that is disabled by default. For example, IP routin g is enabled by default. To disable IP routing, enter the no ip routing command and enter ip routing to re-enable it.INTERNSHIP REPORT 12 Getting Help In any command mode, you can get a list of available commands by entering a question mark (? ). To obtain a list of commands that begin with a particular character sequence, type in those characters followed immediately by the question mark (? ). Router#co? configure connect copy Router>? To list keywords or arguments, enter a question mark in place of a keyword or argument. Include a space before the question mark. Router#configure ? memory Configure from NV memory network Configure from a TFTP network host terminal Configure from the terminalYou can also abbreviate commands and keywords by entering just enough characters to make the command unique from other commands. For example, you can abbreviate the show command to sh. INTERNSHIP REPORT 13 Configuration Files Any time you make changes to the router configuration, you must save t he changes to memory because if you do not they will be lost if there is a system reload or power outage. There are two types of configuration files: the running (current operating) configuration and the startup configuration. Use the following privileged mode commands to work with configuration files. show running-config – display the running configuration. †¢ show startup-config – display the startup configuration. †¢ configure terminal – modify the running configuration manually from the terminal. †¢ copy running-config startup-config – copy the running configuration to the startup configuration. †¢ copy startup-config running-config – copy the startup configuration to the running configuration. †¢ erase startup-config – erase the startup-configuration in NVRAM. †¢ copy tftp running-config – load a configuration file stored on a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server into the running configuratio n. copy running-config tftp – store the running configuration on a TFTP server. INTERNSHIP REPORT 14 IP Address Configuration Take the following steps to configure the IP address of an interface. Step 1: Enter privileged EXEC mode: Router>enable password Router#config terminal Example: Example, Step 2: Enter the configure terminal command to enter global configuration mode. Step 3: Enter the interface type slot/port (for Cisco 7000 series) or interface type port (for Cisco 2500 series) to enter the interface configuration mode. Step 4: Enter the IP address and subnet mask of the interface using the ip address ipaddress subnetmask command.Step 5: Exit the configuration mode by pressing Ctrl-Z Router(config-if)#[Ctrl-Z Router (config-if)#ip address 192. 168. 10. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 Router (config)#interface ethernet 0/1 II. III. NETWORK LAYER II. III. 1. OVERVIEW OF NETWORK LAYER INTERNSHIP REPORT II. III. 2. CISCO HIERARCHIAL LAYER 15 Hierarchy has many of the same benefits in network design that it does in other areas of life. When used properly, it makes networks more predictable. It helps us define at which levels of hierarchy we should perform certain functions.Likewise, you can use tools such as access lists at certain levels in hierarchical networks and avoid them at others. large networks can be extremely complicated, with multiple protocols, detailed configurations, and diverse technologies. Hierarchy helps us summarize a complex collection of details into an understandable model. Then, as specific configurations are needed, the model dictates the appropriate manner to apply them. The Cisco hierarchical model can help you design, implement, and maintain a scalable, reliable, cost-effective hierarchical internetwork.The following are the three layers: ? ? ? FIGURE 3 : CISCONHIERARCHIAL Each layer has specific responsibilities. However, that the three layers are logical and are not necessarily physical devices. Consider the OSI model, another logica l hierarchy. The seven layers describe functions but not necessarily protocols. Now, let's take a closer look at each of the layers. II. III. 3. CORE LAYER the core layer is responsible for transporting large amounts of data quickly The Core layer or Backbone The Distribution layer The Access layer and reliably.The designer must ensure that the core layer is designed with fault tolerance, especially because all users in the network can be affected by a failure. The ability to avoid unnecessary delays INTERNSHIP REPORT in network traffic quickly becomes a top priority for the network designer. What Happens at the Core Layer? 16 The core layer is sometimes called the network backbone. Routers and switches at the core layer provide high-speed connectivity. In an enterprise LAN, the core layer, shown in Figure 1-7, may connect multiple buildings or multiple sites, and may provide connectivity to the server farm.Goals of the Core Layer The core layer design enables the efficient, high-sp eed transfer of data between one section of the network and another. The primary design goals at the core layer are as follows: – Provide 100% uptime. -Maximize throughput. -Facilitate network growth. Core Layer Technologies Technologies used at the core layer include the following: – Routers or multilayer switches that combine routing and switching in the same device -Redundancy and load balancing – High-speed and aggregate links II. III. 4. DISTRIBUTION LAYERThe distribution layer is sometimes referred to as the workgroup layer and is the major communication point between the access layer and the core. The primary function of the distribution layer is to provide routing, filtering, and WAN access and to determine how packets can access the core, if needed. The distribution layer must determine the fastest way that network service requests are handled; for example, how a file request is forwarded to a server. After the distribution layer determines the best pat h, it forwards the request to the core layer. The core layer then quickly transports the request to the correct service.II. III. 5. ACCESS LAYER The access layer controls user and workgroup access to internetwork resources. The access layer is sometimes referred to as the desktop layer. The network resources most users need will be available locally. The distribution layer handles any traffic for remote services. INTERNSHIP REPORT The following are some of the functions to be included at the access layer: ? ? ? 17 Technologies such as DDR and Ethernet switching are frequently seen in the access layer. Static routing is seen here as well. As already noted, three separate levels does not imply three separate routers.It could be fewer, or it could be more. Remember, this is a layered approach. II. IV. NETWORK DESIGN CONCEPT My second part of my internship dealt with network design concept. In this I have been able to read different theories of network design from eBooks downloaded from the internet, doing exercises on subnetting, VLSM and VLANs and finally I had opportunity to do some practices on network documentation and laboratories on virtual LAN. II. IV. 1. THEORIES ON NETWORK DESIGN Designing a network for a better performance of data access and resource sharing of any institution is an extremely important thing to consider.I learned different concept of designing a network whether by reading eBooks or discussing it with my supervisor. A good network design is composed of four parts in general: Continued access control and policies Creation of separate collision domains Workgroup connectivity into the distribution layer through layer 2 switching Identification of customer’s needs and goals: In this part you deal with identifying business goals and technical requirements which include the task of characterizing the existing network, analysis of the network traffic. Logical network design: Here, it’s all about developing a network topology.Durin g this phase, you devise a network layer addressing model, and selects switching and routing protocols. It also includes security planning, network management design. Finally you make a study of the service provider on how he can meet your WAN and remote access requirements Physical network design: The physical design phase deals with specific technologies and products to realize the logical design. It starts with the selection of technologies and devices for campus networks that includes cabling, Ethernet switches, wireless access points, wireless bridges, and routers.There is also a selection of technologies and devices for remote-access and WAN needs. INTERNSHIP REPORT Testing, Optimizing and Documentation: The final step is to write and implement a test plan, build a prototype or pilot, optimize the network design, and document your work with a network design proposal. If your test results indicate any performance problems, then during this phase you have to update your design t o include such optimization features. 18 In all this different network design steps, I have been able to do some practices on logical network design where I did exercises on subnetting, VLAN as network management requires it.II. IV. 2. OVERVIEW VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK (VLAN) Definition A VLAN (Virtual Local Network) is a logically separate IP subnetwork. VLANs allow multiple IP networks and subnets to exist on the same-switched network. A VLAN is a logical broadcast domain that can span multiple physical LAN segments. It allows an administrator to group together stations by logical function. A VLAN has three major functions: i. Limits the size of broadcast domains ii. Improves network performance ii. Provides a level of securitySecurity – Security of sensitive data are separated from the rest of the network, decreasing the chances of confidential information breaches. Advantages of VLAN: Higher performance – Division of Layer 2 networks into multiple logical workgro ups (broadcast domains) reduces unnecessary traffic on the network and boosts performance. Cost reduction – Cost savings result from less need for expensive network upgrades and more on this network. Types of VLAN There are different types of VLANs. The type of network traffic they carry defines a particular type of VLAN and others INTERNSHIP REPORT 9 names due to the type or a specific function the VLAN performs. The following describes common VLAN: Default VLAN At the initial boot up of the switch, All switch ports become a member of the default VLAN, which makes them all part of the same broadcast domain. This allows any network device connected to any of the switch port to communicate with other devices on other switch ports. On Cisco switches the default VLAN is VLAN 1. VLAN 1 has all the features of any VLAN, except that you cannot rename or delete it. Data VLAN A data VLAN that can also be referred to as user VLAN.This is configured to carry only usergenerated traffic. The importance of separating user data from other type of VLAN is proper switch management and control. Native VLAN A native VLAN is assigned to trunk port. An trunk port supports traffic coming from many VLANs as well as traffic that do not come from a VLAN. The trunk port places untagged traffic (traffic that does not come from a VLAN) on the native VLAN. In summary, the native VLAN observes and identifies traffic coming from each end of a trunk link. Management VLAN A management VLAN is any VLAN you configure to access the management capabilities of a switch.Your configured management VLAN is to be assign with an IP address and subnet mask. Any of a switch VLAN could be configured as the management VLAN if you has not configured or define a unique VLAN to serve as the management VLAN. In some cases, a network administrator proactively defines VLAN 1 as the management VLAN; this enables a loophole for an unauthorized connection to a switch. Voice VLAN Voice VLAN is configured to carry voice traffic. Voice VLANs are mostly given transmission priority over other types of network traffic. Communication over the network is not complete without phone calls.More calls are made over the network than other forms of a message transmission. Sending emails and text messages are also forms of inter-relations but listening to a real voice provides legitimacy and assurance. SOME EXAMPLE OF VLAN INTERNSHIP REPORT There I was design a network that are composed with 1 router ,2 switch ,6machine. 20 And each switch have 3 computer . one switch to three machine . on the network we have default vlan ,native vlan ,management vlan. Management vlan can control other machine on network. this network have the vlan and trunk . e have design it by using a outils that called packet tracer FIGURE 4: DESIGN OF A NETWORK Example of same machine i ping Machine ip 196. 168. 40. 105 are pinging a switch3 ip address 196. 168. 40. 106 INTERNSHIP REPORT 21 FIGURE 5 : Command Prompt INTERNSHIP REPORT 22 II. IV. 3. ROUTER PASSWORD RECOVERY 1. Connect the router to the PC using a console cable/port. 2. Open an emulation software (Hyper Terminal or Terra Term or Secure CRT, Putty) + setup (Com port and bits=9600, etc. ) 3. Switch on the router HOLDING DOWN CTRL + BREAK (keys) a. The router will boot and display the ROMMON prompt (Rommon;) 4.Type the CONFREG command to view current status 5. Change the configuration register (this is a hexadecimal number that tells the IOS where to fetch the configuration file. 0x142 bypasses the NVRAM contents, 0x2102 gets the configuration file from the NVRAM) a. Rommon;confreg 0x142 b. Reset (reboot i. e. power-cycle the router) The router will boot in normal but asking for a new configuration. 6. Router; (after saying NO to the configuration wizard) 7. Go to privilege mode (enable) and copy the startup-config to the running-config (Router#copy startup-config running-config).This will load the configuration with an unkown password back to RAM). 8. As you are already in privilege, the unkown password won’t prevent you from changing the configuration. You can now change the privilege password (LAB#config t ; LAB(config)#enable secret cisco). Also change the console and vty passwords. 9. Change the configuration register back to 0x2102 (LAB(config)# config-register 0x2102) then reload (in privilege mode). 10. Save your configuration. (LAB#copy running-config startup-config or write memory ~ wr) INTERNSHIP REPORT

Barnsieydale Sales-Related Data for 2004 and 2005 Report Research Paper

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HRM Practices that affect the Annovation process Dissertation

HRM Practices that affect the Annovation process - Dissertation Example For example, a study conducted by Laursen and Foss (2003) of 1,900 Dutch business organizations found that effective HRM practices not only had a positive influence on an organization’s financial performance, but also had a positive influence on a firm’s innovation. Researchers have generally taken two approaches to explaining how HRM practices have a positive influence on an organization’s overall performance: systems and strategic perspectives (Bowen & Ostroff, 2004). The systems approach to researching HRM practices and its link to organizational performance focuses on the impact of the cumulative value of HRM practices. The strategic perspective analyses how individual HRM practices impact firm performance. The underlying concept is the belief that HRM practices are designed to â€Å"develop employees’ skills, knowledge and motivation† so that â€Å"employees behave in ways that are instrumental to the implementation of a particular strategyâ⠂¬  (Bowen & Ostroff, 2004, pp. 203-204). ... Empirical research in the literature substantiates this assumption. (Joseph & Dai, 2009; Zeidan, 2006). Wang and Zang (2005) conducted a two-part study consisting of field study on HRM practices and its maim compartments among Chinese companies and partnerships and case studies on entrepreneurship frameworks from the perspective of strategic HRM practices. The research findings indicate that there is a positive link between strategic HRM practices and firm innovation (Wang & Zang, 2005). Businesses currently operate in an environment where knowledge continuously changes at a rapid rate. Thus, innovation is crucially important for building and sustaining an organization’s success and as a result, â€Å"the human capital of the organization is an issue of increasing importance† (Jorgensen, Becker & Matthews, 2009, p. 451). Essentially, strategic human resource management by definition is directly and indirectly linked to firm innovation. According to Sims (2007) strategic HRM is defined as: ...the linking of human resources with strategic goals and objectives in order to improve business performance and develop organizational culture that foster innovation and flexibility (p. 323). Armstrong (2011) argues that competitiveness in today’s market has placed firms under increasing pressure to adopt innovation as a key business model. Innovation models involve changes that organizations should implement to become and remain competitive and how they may improve organizational performance generally. These changes not only involve people, but also have an impact on people. Employees are engaged in both the planning and implementation phases of organizational change. Thus HRM is critical for perfecting an innovative business model, because HRM is

Ethical, Social and Environmental Standards and Practices of World Essay

Ethical, Social and Environmental Standards and Practices of World Bank - Essay Example The World Bank cordinates with a multiplicity of actors that include government agencies, civil society organization and private sector; thus, high degree of Ethical, Social and Environmental Standards and Practices should be maintained by the World Bank. Social and Environmental Standards and Practices The World Bank has received serious criticism from international and internal level because of the inequality of distributing funds to the need countries. Thus, it has changed its policies as it has persistently been developing new and diverse methods to support socially and environmentally sustainable development by involvement in World Bank projects. There are formulated safeguard policies that are compulsory strategies for every decision, or measure undertaken by the World Bank representatives (Marshall, 2008). The aim of these safeguards is to keep certain social and environmental standards in projects that are managed by the World Bank. Thus, social and environmental soundness is currently a crucial requirement in the project’s valuation of progress, especially for the loan agreement. Although, there is always interference of political and economic activities, the World Bank article of agreement demand that a measure be economically efficient and avoid political considerations. Meanwhile, there is a stronger connection between social and environmental considerations; the World Bank gives the social and environmental rights more weight than the economic development. Manske and Frey (2004) indicate that the environmental standards have to be compiled in every internal or external of World Bank decision and development measures with emphasis on the ecological aspect that act as conditions in a loan agreement. The environmental standards comprise the considerations of labor, health, safety gender and community issues of the developing countries. They contribute to promotion of democracy and human rights because the political awareness and participation i n activities of ecological concern is maintained. Thus, the World Bank has active responsibilities in setting social and environmental standards and promoting exceptional corporate governance. Its key principles are a standard for the financial industry in managing social and environmental issues in projects financing. The organization supports the management of social, environmental of its members, and signed corporate governance approach to promote reasonable governance practices. The approach supports the right and equitable treatment of its members on matters of social and environmental issues. Meanwhile, it supports the disclosure and transparency of the information to its members with a suggestion of the duties of representatives. According to Manske and Frey (2004), the transparency and disclosure of the information provides extra reputation to transparency for the natural resource development among the members. The disclosure of information of dangerous population to its mem bers has helped these members to implement various measures to stop the carbon emulsion into the environment. The organization has managed to introduce flexibility that is vital to customers because it comprises varying capacities and diverse financing products to its members. It enhances effectiveness and strengthens the significance of safeguards in changing its member’

Positive emotional intentions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Positive emotional intentions - Essay Example They can also improve motivation that supports community actions. Finally, positive emotions boost interpersonal judgment and positive emotional contagion that can help improve social relationship management skills. Society will benefit from encouraging and spreading positive emotions. Positive emotions may not resolve all social problems, but it is a good source of positive social changes. Positive Emotional Intentions Produce Constructive Outcomes in Society A happy man tends to be a better citizen and human being, and so feeling positive is good for society too. Nezlek and Kuppens (2008) and McMurran (2011) supported the connection between positive emotions and positive social outcomes. Emotions, such as love, hope, humor, and joy, can directly affect people’s positive perceptions, attitudes, and actions (McMurran, 2011, p.629). Emotions, after all, are bodily changes, and biology, aside from environmental factors, shapes human behaviors (McMurran, 2011, p.629). This essay explores the outcomes of positive emotional intentions for individuals and the society in general. Emotional intentions refer to emotions and their target goals. Positive emotional intentions produce constructive outcomes in society, particularly lower crime rate, higher participation in community-building activities, and stronger social relationships. ... Nezlek and Kuppens (2008) studied two emotion regulation strategies, reappraisal and suppression, and how these strategies influence other dimensions of psychological functioning. Reappraisal refers to changing how an experience is perceived, so that its emotional effects are managed (Nezlek & Kuppens, 2008, p.562). Suppression happens when people stop the expression of certain feelings (Nezlek & Kuppens, 2008, p.563). Nezlek and Kuppens (2008) used survey research to answer their research questions, and 153 undergraduate students participated. Findings showed that reappraisal can lead to better psychological adjustment and affective experiences than suppression (Nezlek & Kuppens, 2008, p.574). The implication of their findings is that people who cannot regulate their emotions can have psychological problems, which can result to possible criminological attitudes. For example, Jim is an employee who has a verbally abusive employer, Alex. If Jim does not regulate his emotions, his supp ressed anger can lead to low self-esteem, and soon, he will feel so mad that he will engage in risk-taking behaviors, such as doing drugs and drinking alcohol. Afterwards, one time, he is so drunk that he kills his boss. This may be a hypothetical scenario but not impossible. Positive emotional intentions can help people regulate bad feelings and result to greater control over potentially criminal actions. Furthermore, positive emotional intentions can include the production of moral emotions. McMurran (2011) described moral emotions as â€Å"secondary emotions† that help people choose â€Å"good† over â€Å"bad† decisions (p.631). She hypothesized that moral emotions impact moral cognition, which in turn result to moral behaviors (McMurran, 2011, p.632). Moral emotions can reduce crime

Organisational Transformation in Practice Essay

Organisational Transformation in Practice - Essay Example My role in this acquisition and change process has provided immense learning experience in terms of organisational change process and people’s psychology. A patchwork of this experience combined with learning from the module will be elaborated in this discussion. Literature findings will be confined to organisational change and its psychological implications on employees. Attempt will be made to provide a few probable and implementable suggestions for situations that did not conform to the need, as identified in literature. Background of the company: Armen Technologies (AT) is a multinational company that provides information technology enabled business services in four regions of the world including Europe, North Africa and South East Asia. Headquartered in Beijing, AT has more than 5000 employees. Its business volume and spread were enriched when AT acquired the IT Company VTL Solutions. This acquisition process resulted in overall growth of AT, but after much struggle. Cont ext: At the outset, this acquisition process was absolutely strategic and involved many negotiations during long period. From HR perspective, this acquisition seemed extremely lengthy and complex process. The acquisition process that began with various types of negotiations followed into aligning the acquired company’s businesses, clients, customers and employees with the acquiring company’s systems. One of the most significant parts of this acquisition was reinstating the confidence of both companies’ employees at all locations. This task required a strategically planned approach and to be executed by highly experienced personnel. While the general transformation process during and after the acquisition itself was complex and multidimensional event, transformation with respect to processes and systems in the human resources perspective was equally challenging. On a broader note, the HR aspect involved activities such as integration and alignment and corporate c ommunication along with assistance in implementation of change strategies. Corresponding literature findings: Mergers and acquisitions act as change agents in corporate restructuring (DePamphillis, 2011; p.4). Organisational changes that follow mergers and acquisitions are usually uneven and face numerous obstacles. According to Marks and Mirvis (2010), the fervor of success after acquisition usually infuses equally faster in the acquired company but in a retrospective manner, usually in the form of patronizing attitudes of its employees. To add further, unilateral integration of organisational systems and policies leads to greater turbulence in the acquired company. Culture-fit is a core ingredient of organisational sustenance post acquisition (DiGeorgio, 2002). Studies related to organisational change and mergers and acquisitions provide vast and diverse views that are mostly practically implementable and have been successfully implemented in many situations. For instance, various change implementation models that have been proposed include McKinsey’s 7-S framework, Kotter’s (1996) eight-step model, Lewin’s 3-phase model of change ADKAR model etc (Hiatt & Creasey, 2003; Cameron & Green, 2004). All these models provide comprehensive and systematic methods to implement change. Several other models are suggested to diagnose change, such as, Kurt Lewin’s force field analysis model (Cameron & Green, 2

What somthing happend to me in childhood that i will never forget Essay

What somthing happend to me in childhood that i will never forget - Essay Example At the time we had one game – a Sherlock Holmes mystery game. By modern standards this game would be considered boring, but the shock of being able to interact with the computer made it fascinating. Looking back I marvel at how enthralled I became at even some of the smallest features. For instance, Microsoft Office and the ability to type out a Word document I found thrilling. Even more exciting was finally getting the Internet established and typing in a few commands. I remember one of the first searches was for NFL quarterback Dan Marino. Pages upon pages of results appeared. The effect was like of walking out of a desert and finally discovering abundant land and water on the other side. Over the next few months I became increasingly interested in the machine, learning how to navigate my way around Windows and fix errors that emerged. At the time it felt like just a passing hobby, but now that I look back I recognize this was a moment that would profoundly change the way I interacted with the

Setting up a business - new business case study questions Essay Example for Free

Setting up a business new business case study questions Essay AO1: Knowledge AO2: Application and analysis: developing your explanation and using examples relevant to Josefs business. Explain two ways in which a bank can help a new business such as Josefs (4 marks) The first way in which a bank can help Josef is by giving him a loan of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 to help him to set up his business, there are many start up costs ie: equipment and computers that he will need to cover and it is important that he has enough money. Another way they can help is by offering advice; the bank can appoint a small business advisor as Josef is a young, inexperienced small business owner, they can help him with financial issues, keeping records and taxes. Would completing a business plan make sure that Josefs business was successful? Give reason for your answer. (9 marks) AO1: Kn. 1 mark AO2: App 2 marks (explain and developing your point, with examples relevant to Josefs business AO3 / AO4: Evaluation: Justify (give reasons) your ideas. Drawing up a business plan would certainly help Josefs business but it does not guarantee its success. It is important for Josef to put together a plan as it helps him realise everything that needs to be done, for example, all the different market research and promotions. He will also put together forecasts for cash flow and budgets and this will help him foresee any problems so therefore he can organise an overdraft for that time. The business plan will certainly help him obtain a loan which will allow him to invest the money into developing his service and keeping ahead of the competition this will help him be successful. On the other hand the business plan may not be accurate and could lead to bad decision making. The banks may not have faith in his business idea and may not lend him money, therefore not having cash in his business to cover all his start up costs. More importantly he may not run the business very well and this will lead to many problems further down the line. I think a business plan is very important to guide an entrepreneur but it must also be flexible and reviewed over time. Explain two reasons why someone might choose to buy a franchise from The Greenhouse (5 marks) AO1: Kn: state reasons AO2: Ap An give the benefits and provide a detailed explanation using examples from the case study As stated in the case study the Greenhouse restaurants are known for their quality food and quality service, the business is already a success and an entrepreneur maybe interested because they know the business will do well because of its excellent reputation, it is seen as less of a risk. Another benefit of owning the Greenhouse franchise is that an entrepreneur will receive training from the franchiser, much of the hard work is done in terms of marketing and design of the restaurants and menus etc this will save an entrepreneur a lot of cost and therefore allowing them to enjoy higher profit margins. Phil and Sandra are thinking of offering higher wages than those paid in other restaurants. Do you think that this is the best way to motivate staff? Give reasons for your answer. (9 marks) AO1: Kn. 1 mark AO2: App 2 marks (explain and developing your point, with examples relevant to the business) AO3 / AO4: Evaluation: 6 marks Justify (give reasons) your ideas. There are many ways in which Phil and Sandra can try to motivate their workforce to work harder. Offering higher wages is just one way and in many cases can be appropriate. Money is the main motivate for many people, especially those employed in the low wage catering industry and if wages increase your workers are less likely to leave and more likely to feel happier in the work place and work more productively. Some people view wages as an indication of their worth however many other people and theorists believe that other things are just as important, such as free health insurance, being recognised for hard work through rewards such as employee of the month and also given trust and extra responsibility. All of these are important in building confidence of your workforce and therefore an effective workforce. Although money is a motivator for some it could increase the costs of Phils and Sandras business and they maybe better off choosing other non-monetary methods to ensure they make as much profit as they can. Explain why batch production might be a better way for Connie to make cakes (5 marks) AO1: Kn: state reasons AO2: Ap An give the benefits and provide a detailed explanation using examples from the case study Connie makes different types of cakes, birthday, weddings and other occasions, if she bakes them in batches than it will be more efficient as it can save on costs ie: cooking fuel. It will also save a lot of time as baking one individual cake at a time would take much longer than if they were baked in batches. Being more efficient will save money and help connie make more profit.

Marketing Issues Facing the HSBC Bank in the UK

Marketing Issues Facing the HSBC Bank in the UK Key marketing issues facing HSBC Bank in the United Kingdom and globally: How it can be improved for entering in to 2011 Abstract Todays global banking environment is highly volatile, but this does not hinder competition from being intense. Consequently, organisations such as HSBC Bank plc, the worlds local bank, need to align their marketing strategies to improve on their brand value and positioning. To enter into the year 2011, they need to address both internal and external environment(s) which inevitably affect their competitive advantage, positioning and performance. In the following, the researcher aims to explore these avenues with the view to propose an extended study on new strategies to improve upon HSBCs current standing. Table of contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Methodology Chapter 3: Literature Review Chapter 4: Evidence Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations References Appendices Introduction In the last few years, the banking industry has undergone tremendous change in the face of global transformation. As a result, executives are finding it difficult to meet competitive challenges as the pressure to become global intensifies. HSBC Bank plc, headquartered in United Kingdom, is a global business which faces the same challenge and is being investigated in the following dissertation. The aim is to survey the key marketing issues that challenge the bank, in the UK and globally so that the researcher could further its study in developing solutions for the same. Some of the objectives that the researcher aims to achieve in this dissertation proposal are as follows: Objectives 1. To explore key external and internal environments to address major issues that plague HSBC to function successfully as a global bank. 2. To identify the marketing mix that should be adopted to be integrated in the banks marketing and competitive strategies. 3. To investigate organisational functions like MIS (Management Information System) and CRM (Customer Relationship Management) to align them with the market structure. 4. To evaluate the brand value at HSBC, and perhaps identify new strategies for improving its global positioning. Background Today, change catalysts are being integrated by major consolidated organisations to adapt and become flexible to the changing needs of consumers. The banking industry, likewise, has been following the same trend of consolidation through mergers and acquisitions (MA), despite the fact that these MAs are creating even more complex organisations. This can be gauged from HSBCs organisational spread. HSBC has over 100 million customer base, spread across the globe through its Customer and Global businesses. With 9,500 offices and 335,000 staff in 85 countries and territories, it is considered to be one of the worlds top financial brands by The Banker Magazine (HSBC Official Web site 2008). While it is regulated by the Financial Services Authority in the UK, the global nature of its operation subjects it to be regulated by 510 central banks and authorities around the world as well (HSBC Official Web site 2008). To ensure that HSBC meets global challenges, the bank has been constantly evolv ing its strategy. For the past decade, it has focussed on being the worlds local bank with a wide network spread to mostly international emerging markets to develop unique cosmopolitan customer base to strengthen its financial standing. The four key business areas private banking, commercial banking, personal financial services and global banking markets help HSBC to align its presence with global trends such as fast growing emerging markets, world trade, and longevity in business (See Appendix 1). In line with this focus, is the strategy to leverage brand and network to increase revenues and maximise efficiency (HSBC Official Web site 2008). This conservative positioning strategy had been adopted for the past decade and has paid off in terms of higher earnings, and improved performance (BBC 2001). However, recently there has been a fall in profit earning (UK Annual Report 2007)(See Appendix 2), which has been translated to low performance. Some of the factors that have afflicted the bank include inflation in developed markets; slow down in emerging economies; and the ongoing credit crunch, especially in the UK and neighbouring Europe (HSBC Annual Results 2007; Toxic Shock 2008). The growing importance of globalisation only emphasises on the need for integrating marketing strategies within competitive strategies to leverage future performance. According to a Deloitte report (2007), banks like HSBC, with a global focus, need to understand external and internal factors that affect them, in order to devise comprehensive competitive strategy. While experts (Dietz, Reibestein, and Walter 2008) predict growth in global banking revenues estimated at 7 to 8 percent from 2006 to 2016, how to harness this forecast is dependent on the individual firms strategy. For this purpose, HSBC need to revise its strategic orientation. The purpose of research is to gain new knowledge through logical and systematic methods. According to Smith (1981 qt. Gliner and Morgan 2000), research is a broad discipline which must be carefully examined before adopting methods for evaluation. Whether the researcher chooses the naturalistic, experimental, survey or historical methods, the choice should be consistent with the inquiry defined. Accordingly, research approaches in the social science discipline can be divided into the positivist or quantitative, and constructivist or qualitative approach (Mangan, Lalwani and Gardner 2004). Depending on the quantitative or qualitative paradigm, a researcher must choose the approach of research. A quantitative paradigm is associated with scientific methods in acquiring research results and identifies causal relationships (Phillips 1992; Lincoln and Guba 1985 qt. Gliner and Morgan 2000). On the other hand, the qualitative approach is a constructivist approach that studies humans and physi cal objects with the meanings inherent in their social roles and symbolism. Considering the qualitative nature of the topic, the researcher proposes to adopt a constructivist approach which would be more appropriate in exploring the issues that affect HSBC. This is a logical proposition as it would allow the researcher to predict the causes and market behaviour based on theoretical frameworks studied through comprehensive literature review, a gist of which shall be explored in the next section. Furthermore, the researcher proposes this choice of research approach based on the premise that social science researches often seek to predict and control (Bryman 1995). Research questions raised are often open-ended and encompass extensive avenues before decisions can be made. Therefore, a qualitative method shall be suitable for the study of key issues challenging HSBC in the future. To take a brief overview of banking, the researcher has carried out a brief literature review to study the issues that surround the organisation. In the following section, the researcher shall explore the current market environment, as well as attempt to understand it through theoretical frameworks. Banking Industry As the worlds banking industry globalises and consolidates, cross border investment barriers have fallen to give way to new and volatile markets. To serve evolving markets, banks have been observed to develop new competitive strategies that capitalise on operations, resources and functionality, and serve new types of customers. The challenge for banks today is the geopolitical risks and structural market challenges which they need to adapt to, for addressing international compliance of standards, demographic shifts, and developing relationships with customers. The diversified nature of the banking environment makes it difficult for global organisations, like HSBC, to focus. A global bank can be defined as having the widest reach in providing services to affiliates, while a local bank has narrower reach in provision of services to institutions in the country. Some of the challenges that affect these organizations are explored below: 1) External Environment The basic premise for gaining competitive advantage in a global environment according to experts like Porter (1990) and Weihrich (1982), is through formulation of strategies that reflect the conceptual framework of the TOWS Matrix (See Appendix 3). The TOWS (Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses and Strengths) Matrix is a systematic analysis model which identifies factors that surround the industry, and, thereafter, help identify solutions by maximising opportunities and strengths. By identifying the competitive advantage against competitors, the industry or firm can maximise the attributes it posses at the international level. These competitive advantages can be factor conditions such as skilled labour or infrastructure; demand conditions such as demand of the product or service; related and supporting industries; and firm strategy, structure and rivalry (Porter 1990). However, critics are of the view that Porters formula does not provide the key to success (O’Shaughnessy 1996) as it does not address operational and environmental issues like culture, competitive advantage in emerging markets; political and national history; or role of government. In todays global banking environment, these issues play critical roles (Jones 2005). These are evident from the Deloitte report (2007) on key issues challenging the banking industry, which include off-shoring; local insights for global branching; cost-reduction; emergence of hedge funds; and complex anti-money laundering regulations (Deloitte 2007). Not only is the global business environment of today strived with uncertainty due to emerging markets participation (Fahy 1993; Bansal and Penza 2000), but also the technological, political and regulatory environments have heightened competition. In the past decade, HSBC has focussed its competitive strategy on Europe after the slow down in Asia-Pacific region. Europe is an ideal setting for international integration based on a single market program (Berger, Smith, and Judge 2003; HSBC 2008). There are, however, issues that hinder development and competition including loyalty to local banks, regulatory restrictions, demand for global banking services, and technological advancement of banks. As a result, HSBC needs to rethink its current strategy. 2) Internal Environment As a result of the above factors, the internal environment of global banks has to be revolutionised. At the forefront is the adage the customer is king. Global banks are changing their strategies to alter banking environment congruent to customers needs, rights and choices. Services and products are tailored to the living conditions and customer patterns of banking use. These conditions set off alternative marketing strategies that emphasise on individuality and relationship building. Investment in technology, skills and branch networks, for example, has helped traditional banks to grow and profit from new sources of income (Jayawardhena and Foley 2000). In the UK, especially, the scale of investment in knowledge management and technology has helped transform the banking industry to succinctly harness potential businesses and create advantage for organisations. Learning organisations, however, is still a relatively new concept for many to understand and appreciate its implications (H arris 2002). Besides the above, global banks are also undergoing structural changes. As more and more banks become global, the traditional role of retail banking has to be revisited. (Bansal and Penza 2000).Issues that affect HSBC like credit and market risks, competence and expertise have come to the forefront, as banks diversify their businesses. For these reasons HSBC needs to be prepared for change management in its internal environment. 3) The Marketing Mix Given the diversified nature of the global banking industry, Jagersmas report (2006) suggests that banks need to rethink marketing strategies to meet the challenges in the future by improving customer focus, innovating products, pricing products competitively and organising product information for its strategic positioning. The challenge that awaits organisations is to rethink strategic objectives that would align with the new environment. One approach is to develop a visual identity and develop a communication network to establish relationships with customers. The communication strategy would be the life line for the organisations strategy in adapting or changing its market context or other environmental alterations, according to Melewar, Bassett, and Simoes (2006). Similarly, Gummesson (2002) is of the view that relationship marketing is the new approach to marketing that focuses on customer, suppliers and organisations in a complex network environment or society. It is only throug h these new communication frameworks that the banking sector can address the core and brand values it has to develop for successful marketing mix. (See Appendix 4) HSBC needs to re-evaluate its marketing mix in order to generate newer ones. 4) Market Segmentation and Targeting Indeed, the nature of the marketing mix is no longer simply the 4 Ps of Price, Product, Position and Promotion but involves complex analysis of the target market and its segments. In fact, Papasolomou and Vrontis (2006) are of the view that todays banking organisations have different sets of customers and expectations. Customers are no longer limited to the walk-in type, but extend to internal customers such as employees, stakeholders and shareholders; service delivery is not limited to providing service, but extends to standards and expectations; development involves training and development in motivation, and inspiration; and employee incentives. To be successful, organisations must adopt alternative strategies. Market segmentation in the banking industry has changed from niche segments to accumulated customer base of corporate, private or commercial customers, although the principles for targeting them remain the same customer relationship building; ease of access; delivery of se rvice through diverse workforce; and collaborative banking strategies. As a result, banks like HSBC would need to improve upon customer focus, introduce new ideas to customers and drive aggressive campaigns (Wells Fargo and First Direct 2007) using a strong communication network (Berner and Kiley 2005) to build brand image. 5) MIS and CRM What differentiates and establishes brands depends on the power of the brand to communicate its value to the market. According to Sinek (2008), successful communication is dependent on the banks ability to offer different products and services reflective of the customers needs. Hence, branding alone would not differentiate banks, but the humanness of the banks philosophy would. Thus, Umpqua Bank and FirstDirects popularity with customers is due to their understanding of the need for convenient banking, need for alternative products and services, and their understanding of the ever-changing world of banking. By harnessing the online banking technology, direct banking has become possible to their customers. The attractiveness of these banks to their customers is inherent in the shift away from traditional transaction-based to customer based banking (Branching out 2007). Furthermore, banks have also capitalised on technological networks to expand globally to bring customers closer to their banks by defying geographical dispersion (Lefton 1997; Branching out 2007). However, in the process, issues like outsourcing labour to foreign regions, which are alien to the customers, and low quality service delivery compromise the overall expectations. Banks, especially, rely on outsourcing companies for their customer service which constitutes a major part of their service/product delivery (Gottfredson and Phillips 2005). This reliance on external organisations for the banks success is volatile and, at times, detrimental to its relationship with customers. Whether HSBC should rely on these systems or not shall determine its performance in the future. 6) Brand Positioning The objective of competitive advantage is dependent on positioning of the product. A firms communication strategy and its effectiveness depend on the positioning strategies. In marketing strategies for service-oriented brands, positioning is even more critical as it modifies the intangible perceptions of the service in relation to the competition (Blankson and Kalafatis 2007). For these reasons, strategic implications of brand positioning are critical for the organisations competitive strategy. Service positioning differs from tangible product positioning as its characteristics are different from physical goods. Customers differentiate the service from goods through communication, standard of service delivery, and the quality of the benefits reaped. Thus, marketing communication plays a vital role in establishing the marketing positioning of brands. Consequently, Papasolomou and Vrantis (2006) emphasise on the importance of internal marketing throughout branch network to strengthen r elationship marketing and the brand. In banking, this could be achieved by launching internal marketing campaigns to sustain the brand through employees and their experiences such as brand proposition, overcoming internal barriers, continual improvement and expansion. These HSBC needs to explore in to incorporate into its future strategies. From the above brief literature review, the researcher is of the view that HSBC, as a global bank, faces tremendous challenges in the near future to improve upon its marketing strategy. The above literature also suggests that, while the current marketing strategy has been successful in launching the HSBC in the international market, the bank needs to revise and develop its marketing strategies which would sustain HSBC in global environment. Issues that plague the worlds global banking industry need to be evaluated in the future study to understand the extent and breadth to which HSBC has complied with, before competitive strategies can be evaluated. The brief literature review also indicates that todays marketing strategies are different from traditional methods adopted, especially for a service-oriented organisation. Consequently, marketing strategies for HSBC needs to be re-valuated to gauge its future performance, and perhaps devise new ones to address current and future issues. Issues like MIS, CRM, brand positioning and marketing mix shall be revisited in this extended dissertation in order to tackle the issues that plague its internal and external environment. From the above evidence, the researcher proposes an extended study in the form of a dissertation to review HSBC’s performance and how it can improve upon its current marketing strategy in order to develop an integrative competitive strategy for the future. Considering the fast-paced and highly volatile banking environment of the UK and globally, HSBC needs to improve its performance in order to sustain competition. With the extended study, the researcher hopes to achieve the following objectives: a. A detailed investigation of the external and internal environment of HSBC in order to identify its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. b. Identify the marketing mix that it should adopt and integrate within its organizational strategies to enter into 2011. c. To study the current organisational function such as MIS and CRM to the advantage of HSBC and integrate into its future marketing strategies. d. Improve on its current brand value and global positioning. Author not available (2008) Toxic shock: how the banking industry created a global crisis, Guardian [Online] Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/apr/08/creditcrunch.banking Author not available, (2007) Wells Fargo and First Direct lead the way in the banking sector. Strategic Direction, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 29-31. Author not available, (June 2007) Branching out. Economist, Vol. 383, Issue 8533. Bansal, V. and Penza, P. (2000) Measuring Market Risk with Value at Risk, John Wiley and Sons. BBC (August 2001) HSBC confounds doomsayers, BBC [Online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1475589.stm Berger, A.N.; Smith, D. C.; and Judge, J. (November 2003) Global integration in the banking industry. Federal Reserve Bulletin. Berner, R. and Kiley, D. (August 2005) Special Report: The Best Global Brands. Business Week [Online] Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_31/b3945098.htm Blankson, C. and Kalafatis, S. P. 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