How to Write Like a Scientist And Consequently Be One

If you are looking forward to a scientific career, you should prepare yourself to years of writing in a weird, idiosyncratic manner that turns the contents of your writing, already nigh-incomprehensible for laymen, into a kind of a cipher, only readable to other scientists. There are, of course, reasons, and very good reasons, to write scientific articles in this way, but it doesn’t mean that even scientists themselves sometimes don’t feel resentful about the way they have to impart supposedly crucial information to the world – as if making sure it reaches as few people as possible. The language of scientific writing isn’t English per se – it is an extremely simplified, rigidly structured variation of the language in which there is only one way to say every particular thing. You don’t use synonyms to liven up the presentation – you may repeat one and the same word dozens of times and it won’t be considered tautological, because it is the way things are done around here. Of course, the fact that it is so is by no means random. Science by its very nature strives to be as precise as possible – and as a result, it strives to eliminate everything that may be read in a variety of ways. When you read a scientific article, you know precisely what this or that word, expression or construction means. However, this aspiration to achieve cleanliness and simplicity doesn’t explain why science essay writing is so fond of unnecessary complexities. For example, first person singular should be avoided like plague, as it adds too much personality to the text. At the very best, you may use first person plural. While almost any other manual, textbook and guideline suggests that you don’t use passive voice as it makes texts cumbersome and awkward, academic writing lives on it – until it doesn’t. It is so, really – in some respects scientific style allows for interpretations, as some magazines completely prohibit their contributors from using passive voice, while others don’t accept anything but it. References are another thing that characterizes scientific style. Sometimes they are legitimate and show that the work in question really was founded on previous writings of other people; but sometimes it turns into references for references’ sake – which is all too often seen in papers by new scientists who don’t have much to say yet but have to show some results. All too often writing like a scientist turns into writing as boringly and awkwardly as possible. And the only people who can change it are scientists themselves.

Being Part Of The Lgbt Community - 1799 Words

Part 1: Using peer-reviewed references, describe some of the risk factors for suicide in gay, lesbian, and/or/or bisexual youth in the United States, and how these risk factors are different and the same across these three groups. Provide some data, with original sources, regarding frequency of suicidal ideation, frequency of suicidal attempts, and frequency of suicide completion in these groups. Being part of the LGBT community comes with profound challenges that affect the individuals mentally and psychologically. The Lesbian, Gays, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) group are characterized by persons with a contrary view of the prevailing norm of sexuality that is practiced by the majority of the society who are heterosexual (Boswell, 1999). The primary concern is the mortality rates for the LGB individuals which are attributed suicide cases due to the external pressures that they are faced with. Suicide is an individual’s voluntary and intentional act of taking th eir life away when one feels hopeless and helpless (Rhoads, 1994). Most deaths that occur in the LGB groups are as a result of several individual, relationship, and societal factors that a person is exposed to. Research has indicated that three times the number of LGB youth commit suicide compared to their heterosexual peers (MA, Department of Education, 2006). Additionally, recent study by Grossman and D’Augelli (2007) gave evidence that 45% of the LGB youth contemplated suicide and 26% had attemptedShow MoreRelatedEffects of the Lgbt Community782 Words   |  4 PagesBisexual, and Transsexual Community on Friends and Family. When someone of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transsexual community reveals their sexual orientation to someone who is close to them, those relationships tend to have both negative and positive effects. Many members of the LGBT community feel the need to hide who they are from the people they care about due to their fear of being misunderstood. Negativity can ruin the self esteem of someone of the LGBT community, whereas positivity can strengthenRead MoreThe United States Economy Suffers Greatly Due To The Discrimination1705 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States economy suffers greatly due to the discrimination of the Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender (LGBT) community. In the past twelve years, LGBT businesses have provided $1.7 billion for the United States economy (Marks). Many Americans, especially those from religious backgrounds, are opponents of the LGBT community (Chu). Many LGBT students in high school are bullied and drop out because of all the discrimination. When they d rop out they are not able to obtain an education and get aRead MoreLgbt Community : The Transgender Community930 Words   |  4 Pages LGBT COMMUNITY: Excuse me, what are you doing here in the women s restroom? You are not supposed to be in here; there are no men urinals here!! Yelled the raggedy old lady with a crazy hairstyle, across the bathroom stall, as I was entering the women restroom in the target. Miss Roa face turned tomato red and said â€Å"Excuse me; I am a young lady who deserves fairness, righteousness, and equality. In this country, everyone should have the same equal rights no matter what!! So if you can excuseRead MoreThe Aging Of The United States976 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States in 2010 (The State of Aging and Health in America, 2013). Mirroring the aging of the U.S. population as a whole, the number of self-identified LGBT adults age 65 or older is expected to double by 2030 -- from 1.5 million to 3 million (Dennis, 2014). For a marginalized lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community (LGBT), the choice of a health care surrogate to make medical decisions can be very difficult. Issues of disc rimination, lack of legal and social support, varying levelsRead MoreHomelessness Is An Epidemic That Plagues Many People Across The United States1142 Words   |  5 Pagesliving homeless can become especially difficult. Young people of the LGBT community are being put out of their homes, rejected by their families, and shunned by their communities in which they live because of their sexual orientation, something that they themselves have no choice over. This is because of prejudices that are put out by the community as a whole. It is difficult enough growing up as part of a minority group such as the LGBT group, but add homelessness into the equation, there becomes otherRead MoreMedia Analysis Feminism1658 Words   |  7 Pagesarticles related to LGBT issues—typically greater than a dozen for each weekly search—from which I selected only two per week. In sifting through the 16 articles, I identified three important themes that tie, by and large, the articles together: notions of inalienable rights (marriage), the normalization of homosexuality, and LGBT and frequently, by extension, women’s empowerment. I argue that the Times, by virtue of its wide distribution and generally positive portrayal of LGBT people, attempts toRead MoreThe New Laws Protecting Lgbt Community1452 Words   |  6 Pagesshould enter my brain, let that bullet destroy every closet door.†- Harvey Milk. Through time the LGBT community has not been treated with the rights that they deserve. They have not been able to express themselves the way most people are able too. Society has started to accept the LGBT community and give them rights. The new laws protecting LGBT community are affecting society by giving the LGBT community acceptance, preventing violence, and reducing the amount of discrimination. In the 1900’sRead MoreDeaf : The Deaf Community1351 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a Deaf community within nearly every community in America. Spanning across the country, this community overlaps with many other minority groups. There is a Deaf community within nearly every minority group not only in America, but worldwide. According to DeafQueer.org, the Deaf LGBT community is a community is a minority within a minority, making up ten percent of the Deaf community, or 2.8 million people. Although they span many races, classes, and sexualities, Deaf LGBT people tend toRead MoreLegal Situation For Same Sex Couples965 Words   |  4 Pagespartner preferences can be met. This is very important in being able to respect the patient’s wishes and involve the partner in decision making and treatment discussions (Harding, Epiphaniou, Chidgey, 2012, p. 609). Partners facing the loss of their same-sex loved one may experience disenfranchised grief—grief that is not ackn owledged or viewed as legitimate, owing to the relationship not being fully recognized by one’s family or community. This may limit the partner’s ability to grieve openly,Read MoreHomosexuality As A Mental Disorder Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pagesmembers of the LGBT community have been established to help welcome them into society, along with an improvement of the attitudes of others and their treatments towards the communities’ members. However, homophobia and the segregation of LGBT individuals still persists in modern society to prevent their integration into civilization. Following the declassification of homosexuality as a disease in 1973, a variety of methods have been made in attempts to help members of the LGBT community become assimilated

The Business of Water Free Essays

Question1: The main stakeholders for Coca-Cola and Nestle would be the parties that would be mostly affected and at stake if the plant was to close down in the case of the passing of the law of closure due to negative effects on the environment. Firstly, the employees of the company and their families would be the most at stake, as they would lose their source of income. And in the case of Coca-Cola it might be that most of the village of Palchimada is working at that plant, hence this would affect the whole social environment in the village. We will write a custom essay sample on The Business of Water or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand the villagers are also affected negatively as they are losing their water resources if Coca-Cola keeps operating. The second party at stake would be the suppliers of the company from boxes to ingredients and branding materials. Moreover, The shareholders of the company are affected as they would lose money, market share and return on investment, that would also give way for another stakeholder, which is the competition. Lastly, the customers and clients of such companies are also affected, however, companies as such are very big and are able to supply almost anyone around the world, therefore clients are not primarily at stake. Question2: Carroll’s four-part model of corporate social responsibility suggests that CSR includes the economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic expectations placed on organizations by society at a given point of time. Under CSR pyramid, Nestle comes in the Ethical responsibility that is the third part of the pyramid. These responsibilities oblige the corporation to do what is right, just, and fair which Nestle perfectly abides with as the company never seemed to break any laws and was never involved in any unjust action. Regarding Nestle water plants, the company claims to be economically responsible by operating its plants in rural or remote areas, in the immediate vicinity of the water sources and in many cases, the company is an important economic base within the local community.i Generally, Nestle claims ethical responsibility. However, in this case it would prove the ethical responsibility if the company gave back to the community it operates in just like Coca-Cola did to prove that is an ethical company. On the top  of the pyramid is Philanthropic responsibility, which Nestle seems to be executing very well. Nestle has created many programs to improve peoples lives. Such as, helping to address micronutrient deficiencies through a process called â€Å"nutritional landscaping†. In addition to many more, Nestle also offers a Plan that provides expert training so that farmers can grow coffee more sustainably, as well as practical assistance, including high-quality disease-resistant plantlets.ii Question 3: Citizenship is defined as a set of individual rights that are governed by the government. In some cases the failure of governments to fulfill their functions along with the rise in corporate power has led corporations to have a bigger role in society similar to the one of political actors. This is the case, which led to the privatization of water where municipal water companies have been inefficient. One of the governmental roles was by the US multinational company Bechtel in Bolivia, Which found it challenging to make the company operate efficiently. Hence, a law was passed giving the company monopoly rights over in the ridings they operated in, leading to no free water what so ever. This is a very weak performance on the side of the government and the corporation. Water is a human right, necessary for the survival of human kind and forbidding people to use the water from their wells and even the rain is a foolish and senseless act. How to cite The Business of Water, Papers The Business Of Water Free Essays Question1: The main stakeholders for Coca-Cola and Nestle would be the parties that would be mostly affected and at stake if the plant was to close down in the case of the passing of the law of closure due to negative effects on the environment. Firstly, the employees of the company and their families would be the most at stake, as they would lose their source of income. And in the case of Coca-Cola it might be that most of the village of Palchimada is working at that plant, hence this would affect the whole social environment in the village. We will write a custom essay sample on The Business Of Water or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand the villagers are also affected negatively as they are losing their water resources if Coca-Cola keeps operating. The second party at stake would be the suppliers of the company from boxes to ingredients and branding materials. Moreover, The shareholders of the company are affected as they would lose money, market share and return on investment, that would also give way for another stakeholder, which is the competition. Lastly, the customers and clients of such companies are also affected, however, companies as such are very big and are able to supply almost anyone around the world, therefore clients are not primarily at stake. Question2: Carroll’s four-part model of corporate social responsibility suggests that CSR includes the economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic expectations placed on organizations by society at a given point of time. Under CSR pyramid, Nestle comes in the Ethical responsibility that is the third part of the pyramid. These responsibilities oblige the corporation to do what is right, just, and fair which Nestle perfectly abides with as the company never seemed to break any laws and was never involved in any unjust action. Regarding Nestle water plants, the company claims to be economically responsible by operating its plants in rural or remote areas, in the immediate vicinity of the water sources and in many cases, the company is an important economic base within the local community. i Generally, Nestle claims ethical responsibility. However, in this case it would prove the ethical responsibility if the company gave back to the community it operates in just like Coca-Cola did to prove that is an ethical company. On the top of the pyramid is Philanthropic responsibility, which Nestle seems to be executing very well. Nestle has created many programs to improve peoples lives. Such as, helping to address micronutrient deficiencies through a process called â€Å"nutritional landscaping†. In addition to many more, Nestle also offers a Plan that provides expert training so that farmers can grow coffee more sustainably, as well as practical assistance, including high-quality disease-resistant plantlets. ii Question 3: Citizenship is defined as a set of individual rights that are governed by the government. In some cases the failure of governments to fulfill their functions along with the rise in corporate power has led corporations to have a bigger role in society similar to the one of political actors. This is the case, which led to the privatization of water where municipal water companies have been inefficient. One of the governmental roles was by the US multinational company Bechtel in Bolivia, Which found it challenging to make the company operate efficiently. Hence, a law was passed giving the company monopoly rights over in the ridings they operated in, leading to no free water what so ever. This is a very weak performance on the side of the government and the corporation. Water is a human right, necessary for the survival of human kind and forbidding people to use the water from their wells and even the rain is a foolish and senseless act. How to cite The Business Of Water, Papers

Titanic Essay Paper Example For Students

Titanic Essay Paper The film Titanic is riddled with moral dilemmas. In one of the scenes, the owner of Star Line, the shipping company that owned the now-sinking Unsinkable, joins a lowered life-boat. The tortured expression on his face demonstrates that even he experiences more than unease at his own conduct. Prior to the disaster, he instructs the captain to adopt a policy dangerous to the ship. Indeed, it proves fatal. A complicating factor was the fact that only women and children were allowed by the officers in charge into the lifeboats. Another was the discrimination against Third Class passengers. The boats sufficed only to half the number of those on board and the First Class, High Society passengers were preferred over the Low-Life immigrants under deck. Why do we all feel that the owner should have stayed on and faced his inevitable death? Because we judge him responsible for the demise of the ship. Additionally, his wrong instructions motivated by greed and the pursuit of celebrity were a cr ucial contributing factor. The owner should have been punished (in his future) for things that he has done (in his past). This is intuitively appealing. Would we have rendered the same judgement had the Titanics fate been the outcome of accident and accident alone? If the owner of the ship could have had no control over the circumstances of its horrible ending would we have still condemned him for saving his life? Less severely, perhaps. So, the fact that a moral entity has ACTED (or omitted, or refrained from acting) in its past is essential in dispensing with future rewards or punishments. The product liability approach also fits here. The owner (and his long arms: manufacturer, engineers, builders, etc.) of the Titanic were deemed responsible because they implicitly contracted with their passengers. They made a representation (which was explicit in their case but is implicit in most others): This ship was constructed with knowledge and forethought. The best design was employed to avoid danger. The best materials to increase pleasure. That the Titanic sank was an irreversible breach of this contract. In a way, it was an act of abrogation of duties and obligations. The owner/manufacturer of a product must compensate the consumers should his product harm them in any manner that they were not explicitly, clearly, visibly and repeatedly warned against. Moreover, he should even make amends if the product failed to meet the reasonable and justified expectations of consumers, based on such warrants and representations. The payment should be either in kind (as in more ancient justice systems) or in cash (as in modern Western civilization). The product called Titanic took away the lives of its end-users. Our gut justice tells us that the owner should have paid in kind. Faulty engineering, insufficient number of lifeboats, over-capacity, hubris, passengers and crew not drilled to face emergencies, extravagant claims regarding the ships resilience, contravening the cap tains professional judgement. All these seem to be sufficient grounds to the death penalty. And yet, this is not the real question. The serious problem is this : WHY should anyone pay in his future for his actions in the past? First, there are some thorny issues to be eliminated. Such as determinism: if there is no free will, there can be no personal responsibility. Another is the preservation of personal identity: are the person who committed the act and the person who is made to pay for it one and the same? If the answer is in the affirmative, in which sense are they the same, the physical, the mental? Is the overlap only limited and probabilistic? Still, we could assume, for this discussions sake, that the personal identity is undeniably and absolutely preserved and that there is free will and, therefore, that people can predict the outcomes of their actions, to a reasonable degree of accuracy and that they elect to accept these outcomes prior to the commission of their acts or t o their omission. All this does not answer the question that opened this paragraph. Even if there were a contract signed between the acting person and the world, in which the person willingly, consciously and intelligently (=without diminished responsibility) accepted the future outcome of his .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413 , .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413 .postImageUrl , .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413 , .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413:hover , .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413:visited , .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413:active { border:0!important; } .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413:active , .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413 .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud3ccbace850c455fbc78c844bf2d9413:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Phaedo Summary Essay

One Of The Smartest People Ever To Live, Albert Einstein, Changed Our

One of the smartest people ever to live, Albert Einstein, changed our society's development forever with his views, theories, and developments. Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1879. He was the only son of Hermann and Pauline Kech Einstein. He spent his youth in Munich, where his family owned a small electrical equipment plant. He did not talk until the age of three and by the age of nine, was still not fluent in his native language. (Discovering World History) His parents were actually concerned the he might be somewhat mentally retarded. His parent's concerns aside, even as a youth Einstein showed a brilliant curiosity about nature and an ability to understand difficult mathematical concepts. At the age of 12 he taught himself Euclidian Geometry. Einstein hated the dull regimental and unimaginative spirit of school in Munich. (Albert Einstein's Early Life) His parents wisely thought to transfer him out of that environment. Although Einstein's family was Jewish, he was sent to a Catholic elementary school from 1884 to 1889. He was then enrolled at the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich. In 1894, Hermann Einstein's business failed and the family moved to Pavia, near Milan, Italy. Einstein was left behind in Munich to allow him to finish school. Such was not to be the case, however, since he left the gymnasium after only six more months. Einstein's biographer, Philip Frank, explains that Einstein so thoroughly despised formal schooling that he devised a scheme by which he received a medical excuse from school on the basis of a potential nervous breakdown. He then convinced a mathematics teacher to certify that he was adequately prepared to begin his college studies without a high school diploma. Other biographies, however, state that Einstein was expelled from the gymnasium on the grounds that he was a disruptive influence at the school. (Discovering World History) In 1895, Einstein thought himself ready to take the entrance examination for the Eldgenossiche Technische Hochschule (ETH: Swiss Federal Polytechnic School, or Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), where he planned to major in electrical engineering. When he failed that examination, Einstein enrolled at a Swiss cantonal high school in Aarau. He found the more democratic style of instruction at Aarau much more enjoyable than his experience in Munich and soon began to make rapid progress. He took the entrance examination for ETH a second time in 1896, passed, and was admitted to school, although other sources state that he was admitted without examination on the basis of his diploma from Aarau. ETH had little appeal to Einstein, however. He rarely attended classes and hated studying for examinations, although he did graduate with a secondary teaching degree in 1900. He became a teacher of mathematics and physics in secondary school. (Albert Einstein's Early Life) As a teacher Einstein was unable to find a regular teaching job. Instead he was a tutor in a private school in Schaffhausen. With his extra time in 1901, Einstein published his first scientific paper, "Consequences of Capillary Phenomena.? In 1902 he was hired at the patent office until 1909. During this period of time, he was wed to his first wife Mileva Marie and had two sons and a daughter. There are no records of his daughter due to the fact that she was given up for adoption, they simply did not want her. (Discovering World History) In 1905, during a single year, Einstein produced a series of three consecutive papers. These are among the most important in twentieth-century physics, and perhaps in all of the recorded history of science for they revolutionized the way scientists look at the nature of space, time, and matter. (Discovering World History) The series of three papers dealt with the nature of particle movement known as Brownian motion, the quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation as demonstrated by the photoelectric effect, and the special theory of relativity (Discovering Science). The first paper of the series, "On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquid Demanded by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat,? dealt with a phenomenon first observed by Scottish Botanist Robert Brown in 1827. Brown stated that tiny particles, such as dust particles, move about with a zigzag motion when suspended in water. The visible movement of

Free Essays on Brutus

Good or Bad? When people think of a hero, if they do not imagine Superman or Batman, they probably think of someone who does something heroic, like saving someone’s life. What is a tragic hero then? A tragic hero can be defined in many ways. It seems to be an oxymoron because the term tragic symbolizes bad and the term hero symbolizes good. Then is a tragic hero good or bad? The answer to this simple question is complicated. A tragic hero possesses both good and bad qualities. Most of the time a tragic hero does something bad to make something good happen. An example of this is shown in the well known Shakespearean play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, wherein Marcus Brutus is identified as a tragic hero. The rest of this paper explains why. Throughout the play, Brutus commits many crimes and wrong assumptions. The most obvious of these is when he takes part in the assassination of Caesar. While in his orchard, Brutus says to Lucius, â€Å"It must be by his death; and for my part,/ I know no personal cause to spurn at him,/ But for the general. He would be crowned./ How that might change his nature, there’s the question.† Even though Brutus cannot justify the murder of a friend who has yet to misuse the powers of his office, he believes that the citizens of Rome will approve of the assassination. Knowing this, we can say that Brutus does not make wise decisions and is not a man rich in morals. On the other hand, we cannot completely say that Brutus is a villain because he is not a very bright man. Brutus is naive, close-minded, and underestimating. He does not realize the things that Cassius, Casca, and Antony are capable of achieving, and he does not notice things that a perceptive man would. But most importantly, he underestimates the cleverness of Antony and allows him to convince the Roman citizens that the conspirators were wrong to murder Caesar. Therefore, I believe that Brutus, as a tragic hero, is nei... Free Essays on Brutus Free Essays on Brutus Good or Bad? When people think of a hero, if they do not imagine Superman or Batman, they probably think of someone who does something heroic, like saving someone’s life. What is a tragic hero then? A tragic hero can be defined in many ways. It seems to be an oxymoron because the term tragic symbolizes bad and the term hero symbolizes good. Then is a tragic hero good or bad? The answer to this simple question is complicated. A tragic hero possesses both good and bad qualities. Most of the time a tragic hero does something bad to make something good happen. An example of this is shown in the well known Shakespearean play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, wherein Marcus Brutus is identified as a tragic hero. The rest of this paper explains why. Throughout the play, Brutus commits many crimes and wrong assumptions. The most obvious of these is when he takes part in the assassination of Caesar. While in his orchard, Brutus says to Lucius, â€Å"It must be by his death; and for my part,/ I know no personal cause to spurn at him,/ But for the general. He would be crowned./ How that might change his nature, there’s the question.† Even though Brutus cannot justify the murder of a friend who has yet to misuse the powers of his office, he believes that the citizens of Rome will approve of the assassination. Knowing this, we can say that Brutus does not make wise decisions and is not a man rich in morals. On the other hand, we cannot completely say that Brutus is a villain because he is not a very bright man. Brutus is naive, close-minded, and underestimating. He does not realize the things that Cassius, Casca, and Antony are capable of achieving, and he does not notice things that a perceptive man would. But most importantly, he underestimates the cleverness of Antony and allows him to convince the Roman citizens that the conspirators were wrong to murder Caesar. Therefore, I believe that Brutus, as a tragic hero, is nei...

Discussion post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion post - Essay Example The aim of medical management is to remove H. pylori and to control gastric acidity. The methods used in the treatment include lifestyle changes, surgical intervention and medications (Walton, 2010). I agree with Theresa about Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). BPH refers to a growth of the prostate gland that is noncancerous. The disease is common in elderly because the prostate continues to grow during a man’s lifetime. The symptoms of the disorder are different in various people. The most common symptoms are urgent or frequent urge to urinate, inability to start urinating and the sensation of incomplete bladder emptying. In addition, the signs include dribbling, weak stream of urine and pain when passing urine. A PSA level that is greater than 10ng ml-1 indicates a higher possibility of prostatic cancer. Methods available to screen prostate cancer include digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound, prostate-specific antigen, and a combination of tests (Kaplan & McVary, 2014). Medical treatments include alpha blockers that consist of terazosin, alfuzosin, tamsulin, and doxazosin. Other drugs consist of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors where dutasteride and finaster ide are oral drugs to treat BPH. Likewise, combination treatment of 5-alpha-reductace inhibitors and alpha-blockers, and anticholinergics can treat BPH. Moreover, alternative and complementary drugs which are herbal treatments can be used in BPH therapy. Other techniques of treatments include transurethral microwave thermotherapy, transurethral needle ablation, surgical methods and minimal invasion treatment (Urology Care Foundation,

Community Engagement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community Engagement - Research Paper Example Additionally, during the exploration activities, the company ensures that they provide funds to assist in the establishment of projects or in compensation of the ones which are destroyed in the process. One of the notable way through which the companies protect the interest of the local communities is by ensuring that the environment is not negatively affected as well as reduction in the carbon emissions. Thus, the companies undertake Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) whose findings are vital during the consultation process (Community Benefit, 2014). On their part, the communities provide their representatives who engage in consultation with project team leaders and making recommendations. The companies’ philosophy is based on talking to local residents and representatives at all the stages of the exploration process. In its effort to inform the public, Cuadrilla and other companies ensure that they announce the proposed exploration sites. For instance, in January 2014, C uadrilla announced new exploration location in Flyde and currently it is consulting with the local communities about their proposal. Thus, the communities have an opportunity to provide feedback on the company’s proposal. Apart from holding meetings with local associations and interested parties as well as communities, the companies consult with local businesses on a one to one basis. In this way, the companies ensure that the interests of the business communities are taken into consideration while at the same time ensuring the responses are clear and avoid the confusion (Cristina, 2014). UK shale gas companies have also embarked on undertaking public exhibitions whereby large number of people provides ideas that are vital in the formation of the development proposals. Additionally, public exhibitions provide ample opportunity through which the questions from the members of the

Construction and culture- Old Trafford Stadium (Manchester United Research Paper

Construction and culture- Old Trafford Stadium (Manchester United Stadium) - Research Paper Example Old Trafford was the premiere stadium to have a ring of seats and stands that completely surrounded the pitch. Opened in 1910, Old Trafford was originally intended to hold eighty thousand spectators, making it the second-largest sports ground in the country following Wembley Stadium. The clubs rich history from its founding in 1878 to date is all preserved in the Manchester United Museum whilst the Hall of Fame reveres numerous soccer athletes who have assisted the team, Manchester United, rule the English football league throughout the years. The Trophy Room displays sufficient silver and brass that can try to outshine the Crown Jewels. Introduction The Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th century in England. It has been extensively well-known that from the conclusion of the 18th century, essential economic and social transformation occurred in England and afterward, in other places, including a remarkable increase in countrywide population sizes, brought about by a more rap id growth of existing towns and cities, changing birth and mortality rates, predominantly in capital cities as well as the manifestation of new social classes associated to people’s place as workers within the industry or as the owners of industries in the manufacturing process. In addition to the aforementioned reasons for the economic and social developments, progress in transportation and networks of communication also propelled the movement. The Industrial Revolution, as noted by historians, was marked by important changes in society. These changes incorporated advancements in agriculture, such as the implementation of new systems of farming and the creation of new equipment which permitted for an amplified availability of food as well as the expansion of new machinery in industrial manufacture from increases in information that were more often than not the product of informed empiricism and practical experiences. This revolution and its civilization at the time, saw to t he spread of the football culture in Britain and consequently to the construction of soccer stadiums. Old Trafford In its early days the Manchester United (Newton Heath) club used to play on different pitches before moving to North Road Monsall in the year 1880 (Manutd.com- The Official Website, 2011). This pitch was among the worst pitches in the entire league. It was always covered with the smoke from the nearby industry. It is also to mention that poor condition of the pitch was due to the uneven cover of gravel to marsh. The pitch was originally opened in 1909, after the club shifted its base from their old ground at Bank Lane, Clayton. An interesting observation is that the pitch only had one covered stand, with standing room only, for several years but it offered untold luxuries - tea-rooms, tip-up seats and attendants to politely point the way. Following serious financial debt and expenses, Sir John Henry Davies rescued the team from grave bankruptcy and renaming by giving aw ay a grand total of sixty thousand pounds in 1909 for the purchase and development of a site at Trafford Park. The novel ground next to the Bridgewater Canal, which was near the Northern end of the Warwick Road in Old Trafford, was complete and ready

Impact of VAT (Value added Tax) Increase on Tourism industry

Impact of VAT (Value added Tax) Increase on Tourism industry To evaluate the impact of VAT (Value added Tax) increase on Tourism industry of U.K in 2011. 2) Provisional Working Title: The tourism generates a major contribution to UK economy. It generated about  £85 billion offering 3.5 percent to national GDP. About two million jobs are maintained by the tourism industry in which 1.4 million are directly employed in the sector with five percent of UK employment. The tourism industry of UK has considerably reduced in the past ten years drastically. The closing stages of the provisional VAT reduction that took place in January 2010 are expected to negatively influence the UK tourism industry completely. Even though the return of the VAT rate to 17.5% will not have a specific unfavorable effect on lodging providers and tourist attractions, it is bounce to minimize the competitiveness of U.K based on the recent measures collected in Europe. For example, consider France lowered the VAT rate for restaurants from 19.6% to 5.5% and hence Germany proclaimed that it will lessen its VAT rate on lodging from 19% to 7% in January. Most of the reports suggested that the tax rate is more when compared to other destinations. Hence, it shows that the visitors to U.K face higher prices that generate the country to be less competitive. Moreover, the lower rate would support savings in the sector that could knock over the turn down in the Balance of Payments and add up to  £1.6 bn in the first year in the consecutive years. On an average of the assessment of VAT rates in some crest rival tourist destinations such as France, Spain, Italy, the US and Australia revealed that the visitors of U.K will compensate about 10% more on housing and restaurants and 3.5 % extra on appeals and remaining items than they would in any of those substitute countries. A vat rate of 17.5% places the UK tourism sector at an apparent upgrading in the forceful comprehensive tourism market. In this connection, this research aims at evaluating the impact of VAT increase in the tourism industry of U.K in the year 2011. 3) Aims and objectives of the research: The important aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of VAT (Value added Tax) increase on Tourism industry of U.K in the year 2011. Objectives: To understand about the effectiveness of tourism taxation in U.K To analyze the trends and issues of U.K tourism To understand the economic effects of changing VAT rates on the U.K tourism industry To conduct a primary research evaluating the impact of VAT (Value added Tax) increase on Tourism industry in 2011. To analyze the results of the primary research 4) What is already known about this topic? (Preliminary literature review) Literature review: The following literature provides the information collected from secondary sources of information say ( articles, journals, various websites, white papers, annual reports, magazines, documents, texts , statistics and so on ) Several authors views and opinions are considered to draw a conclusion on the existing literature. The economic evaluation of Tourism: The authors Dwler and Forsyth (1993) explains that Tourism is viewed as an increasing economic action and it is desirable. The positive influence of the economic proceeding is also required in it. Most of the interested parties inquire to determine the effect of tourism on economic activity. Hence, these interested parties might be policy makers charged with the generation of the policy towards the segment. They may involve promoters of events or policy changes and government treasuries observing spending on tourism ventures or may be local authorities. Similarly, the authors Fletcher (1994), Frechtling (1999), Crompton Lee and Shuster (2001), Tyrell and Johnson (2001) illustrates that a predominant method is employed for analyzing the economic impact of the tourism depending on the input and output analysis. Consequently, the authors Wanhill, west, Gamage (2001) says that an input –output model is used to evaluate the change in the question. ii) Effectiveness of Tourism Taxation in U.K: The authors Ramesh Durbarry and Thea Sinclair illustrates that tourism in United Kingdom is considered as a chief source of revenue, service and foreign exchange receipts. Its effects also fall over to remaining divisions of the economy. But, the tourism businesses in U.K underwent plenty of issues in the present days. This imitated major decline in the shares of the world tourism market and decline in the intensity of the valid revenue for every visit for most of the UKs prominent tourism markets. As a result, the level of the price competitiveness on tourism receipts provides some concerns specially. Tourism taxation is a significant resource of measuring price competiveness in the economy. However, tourism makes an imperative payment to the economy. Let us check those points one by one: Tourism and day visitors offered about 5 percent of GDP (gross Domestic product) over  £ total of 61 billion in the year 1999. Number of the people working in the tourism businesses of 125,000 are about 1.78 billion It is also considered as the largest invisible export of UK The uppermost traveler appearances are from USA, France and Germany According to Deloitte report, it is stated that the contribution of tourism to UK economy offers five per cent of the national GDP and seven percent of employment. This is the situation before ten years ago. Hence it can be concluded that the tourism industry of UK economy considerably reduced in the past ten years. Meanwhile, there are many issues that influence the countrys international competitiveness and it is also appropriate to consider the time of the raise in the rate of VAT on tourism services in the UK. Vat has been augmented from eight to 15 percent in the year 1980 to 1981 and to 17.5 percent in the year 1991. The following fig shows the U.Ks Tourism balance from 1982-2006. iii) Trends and issues of U.K tourism: The UK tourism industry suffered two important issues in the year 2010 for sustaining employment and making sustainable economic development. Hence, it is needed that the government important that the new government recognize and boost the industries that are capable to tackle these problems. The attributes such as labor intensive, low barriers of entry and high demand are suited for assisting the current economic and employment problems. According to UK labour force survey, 2008, it is revealed that UK tourism offers youth employment. Based on UK Tourism Survey, 2008, it is revealed that it provides regional employment. In fact, it offers a high return on investment and rapid return on investment. The UK tourism underwent number of issues. Even though, the sector experienced huge growth rate in getting visitors from overseas, it accompanied considerable issues given below: Even though, tourist visitors from aboard augmented about the past two decades, declines happened in the late 1990s The u.ks share of international tourism reduced to about 4.5% during the mid 1990s and remained fairly steady thereafter Reduced the development of the real tourism receipts from overseas Real tourism receipts per capita per tourist also reduced for most important of the chief UK countries Rise of the tourism price index for UK than consumer price index Hence, it can be concluded that the tourism industry in United Kingdom has underwent number of problems, especially in the decline of the share of the world tourism receipts , decline in the price competitiveness and decline in the value of the receipts per each visit of the tourist from most important regions of interest. Hence, this context is against the conversation of the tourism taxation, the price sensitivity and the world wide competiveness of the UK tourism industry that should be measured. iv) Evaluating the economic effects of changing VAT rates on the U.K tourism industry: For most of the countries, VAT is treated as an important tax in the tourism industry. The VAT rates in the European economy change across many countries both in hospitality and application of the standard rates. The member countries can install very less rates and after application of such type of rates when they select tourist facilities. Hence, the vat rates are applicable to tourism industry in industries such as accommodation, restaurants, bars and cafà © service and so on. In Europe, merely three states Denmark, Germany and UK yet relate their standard VAT rate to the tourism industry. There appears that to widespread acceptance that reducing taxes on tourism services is advantageous to the countries that have installed reduced rates to the tourism related sectors. Table to show the VAT rates in the hospitality and the Catering sector in European countries, 1998 Table to show VAT rate in hotels of Europe: Hence, from the above tables, it can be concluded that a reduction in the rate of VAT in the hospitality and the catering sector may not imply less revenue tom the government of UK. The tax had doubled during the years 1984 to 1993 due to enormous increase in numerous businesses in this segment and in their extent of business. The government earned more revenue despite of lowering the rate. Hence, the simulation results from BTA (1998) also signify that the output of VAT in UK could augment in the context of a decrease in the existing rate of VAT in the hospitality and the catering sector. Hence, it stated that these outcomes reveal that the correlation among the decrease in the rate of VAT and the increase in the tax may not imply a casual relationship. Furthermore, an econometric model is also considered to understand the VAT effectiveness in the tourism industry of UK, however, this research summarized that an improvement in the price competiveness of the tourism sector in UK could be accomplished with the help of the depreciation of the exchange rate for sterling as well as reducing the rate of VAT by lessening their prices as long as the tourism businesses react to the tax reduction by lessening the prices. Still research is required in this. Trip advisor poll (2010) revealed that the tax will increase from 17.5 % to 20% on 4th January 2011. It will influence both the costs of shopping and accommodation, tourist attractions and even car hire charges. This makes UK very expensive to nearly a quarter (24%) of European respondents. From the research, it is revealed that a quarter believe that the VAT augment will generate British holidays unaffordable. Mean while, further quarters (26%) are yet undecided whether the tax hikes will deter them from holidaying in UK next year 2011. 24% of the Britons claim that VAT increase could make domestic holidays very costlier in the year 2011. Emma O Boyle also stated that UK is considered as one of the Europes most famous holiday destinations and regarded as a world class shopping hub. Due to the VAT increase, the outstanding travel deals in 2011 of British tourism industry should work hard to be viewed as striking and cutthroat celebration alternative. 5) Why is this work important? (What contribution to knowledge / originality is involved?) This research project provides number of benefits to understand about the effectiveness of the tourism taxation in U.K. In depth evaluation of the thesis makes an individual to know about the economic effects of changing VAT rates on the U.K tourism industry. As a result, this project will be helpful to enhance knowledge in taxation, acquiring new skills, understanding ability, decision making skills and time management skills. In this manner, this project leaves a lot of scope for future researches also. 6) How will this work be conducted? (Methodology sources of data) Research methodology: Research Methodology is used to realize the concept of the project. By the research method one can know the products of analysis and also the total process of the project. Various research methods are explained by the researcher in the research methodology to find the aims and objectives of the research. For completing the project effectively a variety of research methods are discussed. For collecting the data that helps in completing the project successfully Primary research and secondary research methods are used. The data is analyzed and then results are made after analyzing the collected data. Some of the research methods are commonly used for any research process. A research work is not merely a work plan but it provides the data that has to be completed. Hence, it can be said that work plan will explain the flow from the projects research design. Moreover, the function of the research design is to facilitate that the evidence acquired permits the user to reply the initial quest ion as definitely as likely. Research design handles with a logical problem but not a logical problem. (Yin, 1989: 29) The various research processes are Experiment methods Survey methods Observation methods Case study method Literature review The research methods used for the successful completion of this project are Qualitative research and quantitative research method. Qualitative Research Method: [Marshall PA. 2003]Qualitative research method is a type of logical research. The approach of gathering in–depth information during questioning the participants is done in the Qualitative Research. Qualitative research methods are more flexible when compared to quantitative research methods. The indefinable factors can be recognized by the qualitative research methods. Participant research, in-depth interviews and focus groups are the three types of qualitative research methods. The participant observation is used for collecting the data based on the behaviors. To obtain the group data, focus groups are used. For collecting individual data in depth interviews are used. Qualitative research contains very smaller sample size. In the qualitative research mainly the interviews and group discussions are carried out. In this type of research the customer response forms, information or media clips are provided. This was generally conducted to observe and query the activities of the different groups in the present world. The scientific research is considered as the qualitative method. In the present event study, this research provides the higher inspection and survey related areas. This qualitative research offers the in depth information on the research and various issues present in the research, several generating ideas, and finally the conclusions are drawn from the possible results of the study. Qualitative research is a special kind of scientific research. It contains the investigation that: Seeks answers to a question Methodically, it employs a predefined group of procedures to reply the question It gathers evidence It also produces proof that were not determined in advance It also produces the findings that are suitable beyond the immediate boundaries of the research study. A qualitative interview technique is dissimilar from daily conversation in the following ways. First it is a line of investigation tool and a good interviewer must prepare questions in advance, and later analyze and report results. (Rubin Rubin, 1995, p.2) (Potter,W. 1996) (William Badke, 2008), (Fetterman, D. 1988) Merits of Qualitative research: It helps in building new theories It uses subjective information Explore new areas of research The questions which are complex to evaluate in the quantitative methods can be examined by the qualitative research method Demerits of qualitative research: 1) It is expensive 2) Time consuming process 3) The information gathered is limited to questionnaires and interviews. Primary research: As a part of the primary data, interviews are conducted with the government officials, higher officials of tourism department and finance department in order to predict conclusion on the impact on the VAT increase in tourism industry of U.K in 2011. Secondary research: As a part of the secondary research, number of articles, journals, various websites, white papers, survey reports, news papers, magazines, texts, documents and so on is referred in order to draw a conclusion on the economic effects of changing VAT rates on the U.K tourism industry and various trends and issues in it. Both primary (interview sessions) and secondary research (literature review) are sources of information collection. Sampling will be decided based on their availability. 7) What are the anticipated outcomes? A literature survey comparing various authors views and opinions of plenty of articles, journals, magazines, different websites, texts, and documents in order to draw a conclusion from it Analysis results of the primary research Probable recommendations for the research by considering the results acquired from the primary and secondary sources

Religious Ceremonies In Theatre :: essays research papers fc

Theatre as a Religious Ceremony   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The drama in Greece was inextricably bound up with religious feeling and religious observance.† (Cheney 33) The citizens of the Greek states were the first European communities to raise dramatic performances to the level of an art. Furthermore, the Greek playwrights still exercise a potent creative force, and many modern dramatists find strong relationships between these legendary themes and modern conditions. The Greek’s religion is wholly responsible for the creation of all facets of early Greek theatre; whether it is the content of the plays, or the immense size of the theaters required to accommodate the attendance of the city’s men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although much is speculated about the origins of early Greek theater, it may be stated that the â€Å"source of tragedy is to be found in choric dithyrambs sung in honor of the god Dionysus† (Nicoll 9). The performance took place in an open-air theater. The word tragedy is derived from the term â€Å"tragedia† or â€Å"goat-song†, named for the goat skins the chorus wore in the performance. Originally these songs were improvised and rhapsodical as time passed by they were â€Å"poetized or rendered literary† (Nicoll 9). The word â€Å"chorus† meant â€Å"dance or â€Å"dancing ground†, which was how dance evolved into the drama. Members of the chorus were characters in the play that commented on the action. They drew the audience into the play and reflected the audience’s reactions. The change from freelance song to theatre was obtained at the hands of a Greek named Thespis. He turned what was originally a song lea der, or priest, into an actor whose words were answered by a chanting chorus. Thespis also â€Å"changed the subject matter of theatre events, expanding them to deal not solely on stories of Dionysus† (Nicoll 9). In the sixth century B.C., drama had been born in Greece and with the introduction of a second actor and later a third, this art form was ready to mature at the hands of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These festivals grew in size and complexity, especially in Athens, where the largest of these festivals were held and only the premier playwrights released their plays. These prestigious and elaborate plays were performed at dramatic festivals. The two main festivals were the Feast of the Winepress in January and the City Dionysia at the end of March. The Proceeding began with the procession of choruses and actors of the three competing poets.

The Advance of Technology and Pollution

Here is a quote that I believe tells the entire story of mankind†s existence: â€Å"Man's long adventure with knowledge has, to a very marked degree, been a climb up the heat ladder†¦. Today the flames grow hotter in the furnaces†¦. The creature that crept furred through the glitter of blue glacial nights lives surrounded by the hiss of steam, the roar of engines, and the bubbling of vats†¦. And he is himself a flame — a great, roaring, wasteful furnace devouring irreplaceable substances of the earth.† –Loren Eiseley, anthropologist and essayist (1907-1977), Man the Firemaker As this quote from Loren Eisely suggests the relationship between the advancement of technology and the increase in pollution has gone hand in hand throughout the ages of mankind. Humans are very much responsible for their actions and have and will continue to feel the impact of the carelessness that they have shown toward mother earth. Studies of temperature records preserved deep in the underground rocks show that the Earth has been gradually warming over at least the last 500 years. These studies, done by scientists in the US and Canada, show that the trend of the increase in climate has increased on an increasing pace during the 20th century, which was the warmest of the past five centuries. Since 1500, the Earth†s temperature has increased by about one degree Celsius, with eighty percent of that increase during the last century. In the northern hemisphere, the five-century long change has been 1.1 degrees, with 0.6 occurring since 1900. There have been numerous extreme changes in the climate throughout the world that have had astonishing effects on the people, wildlife, and environment. Many of these events have led to people having to vastly change their lifestyle or have to move out the area due to the fact that living conditions are unsafe. In the summer of 1998, Dallas, Texas recorded a deadly heat wave. Heat claimed more than 100 lives in the region, as temperatures were over 100 degrees Fahrenheit for 15 straight days. Waimea Bay, Hawaii is has also seen its share of misfortune. Along with costal development, sea levels have risen contributing to considerable beach loss over the past 90 years. In October of 1998, Hurricane Mitch dumped between three and six feet of rain within 48 hours over most of Central America. Mitch killed more than 10,000 people in mudslides and floods, triggered a cholera epidemic, and virtually wiped out the economies of Honduras and Nicaragua. Several days after the horrendous hurricane in Central America, a large meeting in Buenos Aires met at the fourth Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Many at the conference pointed to Hurricane Mitch as an example of the catastrophes that will await our world if we do not act immediately to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide and other so called greenhouse gasses. Various experts blame many different sources of technological change and events for this vast change in temperature throughout the world. The fact is, not just one major event or area is the sole cause of this. Fossil fuels, which release carbon dioxide when burned, are used to generate electricity, heat and light homes and workplaces, power factories and run cars. Experts suggest that unless we reduce population growth and use of fossil fuels, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will double by sometime in the middle of the next century. Starting in the mid-1700s, human activities began to alter the composition of the atmosphere. Vast supplies of charcoal, and later coal and oil, fed the growing fires of the Industrial Revolution. The carbon stored in these fuels was released to the air as carbon dioxide, which is a gas that traps heat in the atmosphere. Today, for every one of the more than 5.8 billion people on Earth, nearly six tons of carbon dioxide are spewed into the air annually. As a result of our activities, the atmospheric concentration of this heat-trapping gas has risen by more than 30 percent in the last 250 years. The future of Earth's climate will depend partly on the buildup of heat-trapping gases, primarily carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere. One of the major problems of global warming is that it exists as an environmental issue only because of science. People can†t directly sense global warming, the way they can see a clear-cut forest or inhale the urban smog in their lungs. This is an enormous issue to overcome if anything is going to be done. New information is now being presented to the public†s eye everyday, giving them new and more accurate facts on such issues. People are starting to become aware of the consequences of their actions. However, even though the facts are present, very little is being done. Only in the most affected areas are people trying to fix the problem. It seems like no one really cares about it, until it happens to them. To me this seems like it could be the largest feat for us as humans to overcome in the prevention of man-made global warming. What sort of astronomical disaster must happen to get us to pay attention to what we are doing in our lives? Is it going to take a major flood across the US that destroys numerous states? What about miles of coastline to be taken by rising sea levels? These are the issues that scare me the most. I truly believe that something must be done, and it must be done now. Another large area of pollution due to technological advancement is water pollution. This pollution takes place by three different types of activities: agricultural, municipal, and industrial. The worst part of this pollution is the fact the actual pollution is a form called non-point source pollution. This is where the source of the actual pollution may be hard to identify and it possibly doesn†t even affect the areas around the point, but possibly downstream or scattered over a wide area. Due to this it makes the pollution extremely hard to regulate. The advancement in agricultural activities of the US and other developed countries, such as new and stronger types insecticides, herbicides, pesticides, along with the large-scale cattle and hog lots provide large amounts run-off. This run-off contains a high content of fertilizers, animal wastes, and silt which go in to the surface waters. This results in an increase in the nutrients in the water called eutrophication. Eutrophication causes rapid growth in algae and bacteria in the water. This is tragic to the fish and other things because the algae use up all of the oxygen in the water and the fish suffocate. The run-off of the silt causes water to become very unattractive for recreation and also covers up fish spawning sites. Many theories and ideas have been developed in an effort to help control the major productive source of these agricultural activities. The success or failure of any agricultural non-point source pollution control project depends on the participation of the many landowners and farm operators. These producers must install or utilize land-based treatments, or best management practices (BMPs), that minimize the movement of agricultural pollutants such as sediments, nutrients, and pesticides to water resources. One of such is organic farming. Organic farming avoids the use of pesticides and fertilizers. Another is to avoid large concentrations of animals, which can reduce nutrient pollution, and their waste can be used as fertilizer for crops. Also, other certain cropping methods can reduce the erosion of sediment from the land. As our municipal wants and needs advance, more, and more municipal pollution occurs. The salt from snow removal activities increases the cost of purification. As we consume more, we also throw more away, as the increase in landfills needed throughout the country has been rapidly increasing. These landfills allow large amounts of chemicals to enter into the ground water, which in turn also increases the cost of purification. Inadequate sewer water treatment facilities lead to the possible outbreak of enteric diseases. The last source of water pollution is that of the industrial activities. As the times change, so do that of the modern industry. Companies are always trying to find ways to decrease their costs, in turn to increase their profit margins. Many times these costs are converted into the pollution of water. Industrial pollution of water comes in many different shapes and forms. The chemicals that industries use get into the water supply by various means. These chemicals increase the existence of numerous diseases and the cost of the purification of the water for drinking. One of the sources of water pollution one rarely thinks of, as pollution, is one called thermal pollution. Thermal pollution is from the warm water discharges that an industry emits into various bodies of water. This kills coldwater fish and also increases the costs of water treatment. Overall, there is much to be done in this world in an effort to help control the increased pollution by technological advancement. In my opinion, I believe that the answers to the prevention in pollution are ironically a part of our technological advancement. As we learn of what types of things are really making a significant impact on the environment, we will be able to develop steps to counter the effects of the harmful pollutants that we are causing.

How to Graduate With Little Or No Debt [Guest Post]

How to Graduate With Little Or No Debt [Guest Post] Money is one of the biggest problems students come across. It is important that when you get out of college, you are not left with repaying your loans back for years. You need to start your own life professionally and personally and paying off your debts for a long time is going to be distracting. Here are some tips for you to follow so when you finally graduate, there is little or no debt waiting for you. 1 Start Early There is no such thing as early to start saving for your future. If you know that you are going to have financial problems, you have to start thinking like an adult. Instead of spending your school life partying and wasting money, you can start saving. In the last years of your school, you can take some part-time job. It is far better than having to ask for loans or your family to provide you with financial aid. The sooner you get responsible, the easier it will be down the road. A pro tip: If you take a full load of Advanced Placement courses in high school, it can give you the college credits which can eliminate your freshman year and give you a sophomore standing. 2 Community If you take courses at your local community college, you will also be able to eliminate the need for general college courses. Make use of the early AP gains and attend a local community college for the first two years and not spend huge amounts of money on some of those Ivy League school. Spend the initial years at college by saving money at home and pay cheaper rates, and you can get transferred to the college of your choice. 3 Save Living Cost Not many students will like the idea of living at home, but it can save you a major amount of money in hindsight. Even if you do not want to spend your entire time at the college from home, you can spend the first few semesters and save some money. Most of the community colleges are non-residential. If you live far from your parents, then you can rent an apartment and share it with someone else, so the expenses are distributed. You can save your travel cost as well if you minimize your trips to your parents. 4 Make the Wise Choice Sometimes high school students do not realize how important it is to get into a college that they can afford. Most of them are so obsessed with getting to the best college that they forget to consider their financial standing. You should go to a college that offers a great education, but you should also consider if you will be able to cope up in a way that your studies are not affected. The debt that can pile up at the end of your college can be overwhelming. Choose an institution that provides good education and also doesn’t leave you in an incredible amount of debts. 5 Financial Aid and Scholarships Another way to get into the college you want and not to beg for money is to apply for scholarships or financial aids. There are a number of grants that you can qualify for, and they will help pay for your education. You will have to study hard enough to get the grades that can get you a good scholarship. Applying and researching for scholarships takes time and energy but it is worth all the effort. Try applying as early as the sophomore year in your school, so your chances are better. 6 Make a Budget If you have not made a budget for yourself yet, it is never too late to do so. Having a budget is helpful whether you are at any stage of your life. It keeps you in check, and you are more careful with your spending; otherwise, you will just waste it away without even realizing. Find ways you can spend lesser money in college. Try avoiding expensive utility items or spending on notes that you can easily get online. Do not spend an extra amount of money on clothes and bring lunch with you instead of getting it from school. Make a budget right now. When you figure out ways to spend less in college, you will begin to require fewer student loans. 7 Tuition Assistance Program Did you know you can get your Master’s degrees through your employers? Many employers in the U.S. have tuition assistance programs. What you just need to do is ask your Human Resources department to set up a tuition assistance plan. 8 Graduate on Time Less than 40 percent of college students graduate on time, and most of the students always have some courses left. When you spend more time in college, your expenses will be more, and you will have to take more loans. Graduating when you are supposed to will minimize your expenses and give you the opportunity to get a job as soon as you need. Plan the schedule of your courses in each semester and stay on track. Author: Taylor Hill Taylor Hill works for a financial technology company Stilt located in San Francisco which is revolutionizing the way individuals with limited or zero credit history get loans in the U.S.

The Story of Eight Remarkable essays

The Story of Eight Remarkable essays When you think of the American Revaluation and the people who impacted it most, you think of Gorge Washington, Paul Revere, Thomas Jefferson or John Adams. Most people over look the significance of the other players, that we really dont hear or talk about. When you think of women who have played roles in the American Revelation you think of Betsy Ross the women who made our countrys flag. People don t look at the other amazing women like the 8 women of this book Glory, Passion and Principle: The Story of Eight Remarkable Women at the Core of the American Revolution. In the past people have disregarded the roles that women have played in our countrys birth. This book introduces the reader to eight women of the American revaluation. Melissa Bohrer, the author introduced us to Sybil Ludington, Phillis Wheatly, Abigail Adams, Mercy Warren, Lydia Darragh, Molly Pitcher, Deborah Sampson and Nancy Ward. Sybil Ludington was the female Paul Revere. She rode over 40-miles, twice that of Paul Revere to warn the militia that British troops were burning Danbury, Connecticut at the age of 16. To hear her story is unbelievable. Gen. Howe himself put a bounty on her fathers head, COL. Ludington. In April, 1777, the British army made a surprise attack on Danbury to seize and destroy Continental Army supplies stored there. A messenger told Col. Ludington that the British were coming so Col. Ludington began to organize the militia. The militia was scattered across Connecticut getting ready for the spring harvest, so it was hard for the messenger to find the militia. The massager soon became exhausted and he was not familiar with the area, and could not be find all of the militia volunteers. Sybil Ludington, who had just turned 16, was very familiar with the area, and volunteered to sound the alert. She left for her now-famous ride at approximately 9 PM into the rainy night, traveling 40 miles from her home in what is now the ...

Personal time management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal time management - Essay Example Apart from being a mother, I am a full time professional as well. I am undertaking online classes within the nursing informatics class for the BSN degree. Handling all these affairs is indeed a difficult task but I have to be on my toes at all times. This is in line with my understanding that I am also a mother who has to look after her family and thus be available to the kids and home on a consistent basis. My life does not know any shortcuts or alternatives coming to its fore. I have to be present when the going gets tough, and this happens to me on a constant basis. What is even more significant is the fact that my work tasks are handled on a regular basis, and there are no time delays as such. I have to give top priority to my family because they remain quintessential to me all said and done. I am of the view that time management is not that big of an issue as it is made of. This is because time management comes about when there are concerted efforts to get things right and that too within such a scenario where there is immense understanding of the regular routines that happen, and thus happen without any rhyme and reason. If we can do away with such nuances, it would be correct to state that the time management issue would not even crop up in the first place. I am sure that time management issues hurt those individuals who are not punctual, in fact who do not want to be on time at all. The people who make an effort to be on time and thus complete their chores in accordance usually remain successful with not only managing this issue but also the other pertinent ones that mar their lives every now and then (Warhurst, 2007). As a mother of five kids, I am optimistic that time management is not that big of an issue and could be resolved if there are proper efforts put in pl ace by the people who want to have it under their grasps. However, all that has been said by our forefathers in relation with

Respiratory Therapy in the Department of Continuous Quality Improvment Essay

Respiratory Therapy in the Department of Continuous Quality Improvment - Essay Example It is a management philosophy that states that most things can be improved and there is serial experimentation everyday at work to meet the needs of those served and to improve the services rendered. FP&M World Class Journey (2008) continue to state the core concepts of CQI. These are: quality is meeting and/or exceeding the expectations of the customers; success is obtained by meeting the needs of those served; most problems are found in the processes, not in the people; rather than blame it seeks to improve; unwanted variations are sought to be reduced or eliminated; the scientific method is used to achieve small continual improvement; and, continuous improvement becomes effective when it becomes natural to the way work is conducted everyday. The core steps in CQI are to: form a team that is knowledgeable in their area of expertise; define the aim; understand the needs of the people served by the system; identify and define the measures of success; brainstorm strategies for improvement; plan, collect, and use the data for effective decision making; and, apply the scientific method to test and make changes (FP&M World Class Journey, 2008; Rieve, ND; ASQ, ND); Quick, Nordstrom & Johnson, 2006). As per the information gathered in this research document, it may be extrapolated that the goals of CQI are to enter an institution, identify what the problems are, use techniques that will help solve the problems, involve everyone pertinent to the area in discussion, obtain research data and interpret it, and make recommendations based on the findings of Continuous Quality Improvement. The CQI problem solving techniques are to define the problem. This involves focusing on the problem, not only the symptoms. Flowcharts and cause-and-effect diagrams are techniques used to define and analyze the root causes. There is a need to generate

Time and Travel in The Dispossessed and Kindred Term Paper

Time and Travel in The Dispossessed and Kindred - Term Paper Example Butler would agree with Asimov; when asked to label her novel, she has called it â€Å"a grim fantasy.† How time travel occurs in Kindred is never explained; the novel’s protagonist Dana simply feels dizzy from time to time and travels back in time, to pre-Civil War America. It is a mystery to her and to her husband, but they try to deal with the situation they have found themselves in, anyway. The only way she is able to return back to her own time is to feel threatened and in danger of dying. She even tries slitting her wrists in order to return to her own time. Each time she travels back in time, her stay on the plantation becomes longer—at first only a few minutes, and then several days and months. She disappears from the present as she travels, but at first for a few seconds and then for several hours. It seems as if Dana time travels to the past every time Rufus is in some kind of mortal danger. The first time she travels, he is drowning; the second time, s he saves him from dying in a fire. She discovers that the reason he â€Å"calls† her to the plantation is that he is her ancestor and it is her duty to save him so that she is preserved in the future. At the end of the book, however, she ends up killing him and experiences horrible consequences as a result—the mangling of her arm when she returns to the present. Perhaps the real reason she has to time travel is because it is Rufus’ destiny to die, and there is nothing she can do to prevent it. Although Butler was already established as a successful science fiction writer, one of the few African Americans in a white male-dominated field, the time travel in Kindred, is incidental. It is simply something she uses to illustrate her thesis about the horrors of slavery. When the novel is shelved in libraries or bookstores, even though Butler is well known as a writer of science fiction, it tends to be placed with African American literature because that creates the sa me feelings as the works of other female African American writers. Like all science fiction, though, Kindred is speculative: What would happen if a modern person got the opportunity to experience slavery first-hand? Time travel is used as a literary device to pursue her thesis, and to investigate how a sympathetic modern character would react in the setting of slavery. An example is Dana’s reaction to seeing a slave being whipped: I shut my eyes and tensed my muscles against an urge to vomit. I had seen people beaten on television and in the movies. I had seen the too-red blood substitute streaked across their backs and heard their well-rehearsed screams. But I hadn’t laid nearby and smelled their sweat or heard them pleading and praying, shamed before their families and themselves (Butler 36). Even though it definitely science fiction/fantasy, Kindred has the feel and structure of a slave narrative. Dana, and Butler’s audience along with her, travels to the pas t so that they can experience it and understand the impact of history, and more specifically, of slavery. Dana travels from freedom to enslavement, like her ancestors did when they were taken from Africa and enslaved in America, never to return. She goes through the same horror as her slave ancestors, and the time travel she experiences is just as confusing as the voyage they experienced. Dana attempts to explain this to her white husband, after reacting to him with fear after she returns: â€Å"

Properties of Gases Essay Example for Free

Properties of Gases Essay Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to examine different properties of gases in order to be able to identify them in a laboratory setting. I will be using Hydrochloric acid, mossy zinc, Bromothymol blue, limewater, Manganese, and Alka Seltzer, to test different properties of gases formed by chemical reactions. In order to extract the gas I will use several household products such as vinegar, baking soda, water, and hydrogen peroxide in order to create the gases to be tested. Materials: Student Provided 1 Match 1 Toothpicks (or wooden splints) 1 Pie tin or similar 1 Marker pen 1 Household white vinegar 1 3% Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 1 Measuring spoons 1 Drinking straw 1 Tissue paper 1 Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) From LabPaq 1 Goggles-Safety 1 Test Tube (5), 13 x 100 mm in Bubble Bag 1 Well-Plate-24 Auxiliary Supplies Bag Auxiliary Supplies Bag- CK1 1 Gas Assembly; copper/plastic tubing in #00 Stopper 1 Pipet, Empty Short Stem 1 Rubber stopper, #00, 1 hole, Pipet tip w/plastic Gas delivery tube Experiment Bag Properties of Gases 2 Alka Seltzer ® (1/4 tablet) in Bag 2 x 3 1 Bromothymol Blue, 0. 04% 4 mL in Pipet 1 Hydrochloric Acid, 2 M 20 mL in Dropper Bottle 1 Limewater (Calcium Hydroxide, Saturated) 6 mL in Pipet 1 Manganese Metal Pieces 4-6 Pieces in Bag 2 x 3 3 Pipet Bulbs, Wide-Neck with 1/4 Stem 1 Zinc, Mossy 4-6 Pieces in Bag 2 x 3 Procedure: 1) Hydrogen a) I placed a small amount of ZN( mossy zinc) in the test tube containing HCL b) I then capped the test tube with the small cap that allowed gas release from the top and placed it in one of the 24 well plates. I wedged the test tune in with a bit of toilet paper. c) I then filled the large stem pipet with water and placed it atop the rubber stopper. d) I placed the well plate in a pie tin to prevent the overflow from getting everywhere. e) After the water was replaced entirely with hydrogen I removed the wide mouthed pipet and placed my finger over the opening to prevent any gas from escaping. f) I lit a match and while holding the pipet about 1cm away from the flame blew the gas onto the flame, and recorded my observations in the table. g) With a marker I marked the wide-neck pipet on the outside into three parts h) I filled the bulb with water and set it on the test tube as before. i) Once the bulb was 2/3 full of gas I removed it and placed it aside, still inverted, for later use j) I then disassembled and rinsed the tools and threw away the ZN. 2) Oxygen A) I placed a few pieces of Mn (Manganese) into the second test tube. B) I filled the test tube to within 1cm of the top with hydrogen peroxide. Afterwards I placed the rubber stopper on the test tube and the test tube in the well plate. . C) I then filled another wide-neck pipet completely with  water and placed it on the top of the stopper in the test tube. D) After the water was displaced I removed the pipet and placed my finger over the opening to prevent any gas from leaking. E) I lit a match and extinguished it. While the match was still glowing I placed it inside the pipet and recorded the reaction. 3) Hydrogen and Oxygen Mixture A) I took the pipet from part 1 that is partially filled with hydrogen and placed it on the generation test tube from part 2. B) I let the bulb fill until the water was completely displaced. The mixture was about 2/3 hydrogen and 1/3 oxygen C) I removed the bulb and placed my finger over the open end to prevent any gas from escaping D) I lit a match, held the pipet horizontally about 1cm away from the flame and squeezed the gas onto the flame. E) I recorded my observations in the table. F) I disassembled the test tube washed the contents down the drain and rinsed the tools. 4) Carbon Dioxide A) Part I a) I placed approximately .5 ml of limewater in one well of the 24 well plate. b) I placed  ½ a teaspoon of baking soda in the generation test tube. c) I filled a pipet halfway with vinegar and added it to the baking soda. Immediately after the two stopped reacting I placed the rubber stopper with the copper and plastic gas delivery tube on the top of the test tube. d) I placed the open end of the tube into the well with limewater and recorded the reaction. B) Part II a) I placed approximately .5ml of Bromothymol blue in one of the wells. b) I thoroughly rinsed the gas generation test tube with water and set up another test with baking soda and vinegar as in part 1. c) After putting the stopper in place I inserted the open tube into the Bromothymol blue. d) I removed the stopper from the generation tube. e) I lit a match and inserted the flame into the upper part of the test tube. f) I recorded my observations. C) Part III a) I poured the chemicals down the sink and flushed with water. b) I put approximately .5 ml of limewater into another well. c) I crumbled the small piece of Alka Seltzer into a test tube d) I added one pipet full of water to the test tube and immediately inserted the stopper with the gas delivery tube. e) I placed the open end of the tube into the limewater well. f) I washed the test tube and well thoroughly with water. D) Part IV a) I put approximately .5 ml of limewater into a test tube. b) I inserted a straw and blew for a few seconds. c) I recorded my observations d) I washed the tools and flushed the limewater down the sink. Results: Gas Flame reaction Glowing splint Limewater reaction Bromothymol blue reaction Hydrogen Loud sound, flame went out n/a n/a n/a oxygen n/a Light up quickly dissipated and glowed for around 10 seconds n/a n/a Hydrogen oxygen Popping sound and flame went out n/a n/a n/a Carbon Dioxide n/a n/a Changed the color of the limewater from clear to nearly milky, bubbled rapidly. Bubbled rapidly, changed colors slightly to green Alka Seltzer n/a n/a Lots of pressure in the test tube, color change in limewater from clear to nearly milky, rapid small bubbles Breath n/a n/a Very large bubbles, color change from clear to nearly milky. n/a A) Give two reasons why we fill gas generator test tubes almost to the top with chemicals. First we do this because maximizing the pressure in the tube will maximize gasses. Secondly because this causes there to be a shorter distance for the gases to traveled B) What happens to the zinc in the hydrogen generation experiment? The mossy zinc causes a reaction with the HCL to form hydrogen gas. C) What happens in the oxygen generation experiment? The manganese reacts with the hydrogen peroxide to form oxygen. D) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between O2 and H2. 2H2 +O22H2O E) What is the function/purpose of the Bromothymol blue in the CO2 experiment? The Bromothymol blue in the CO2 experiment is used to indicate how much CO2 is in the solution. It indicates this with a color change. F) Bromothymol blue is blue in the presence of basic solutions and yellow in the presence of acidic solutions. If your solution is a murky green, what  might you assume about the solution I would assume the solution was neutral. Conclusion: In conclusion, I learned that properties of gases vary vastly in their reactions with flame, and other substances. I also learned how to create such gases in a controlled environment for future experimentation. The effect of these reactions put into perspective how dangerous gases can be and how their proper storage and transportation is a vital essential in our daily lives. Seeing the different reactions will make me more cautious of the way I materials.

Mother Daughter Relationships - Family Relations in Amy Tans The Joy L

Family Relations in The Joy Luck Club      Ã‚  Ã‚   One passage, from the novel The Joy Luck Club, written by Amy Tan, reveals the complex relations and emotions that are involved in families. This passage concerns the story of four Chinese women and their daughters.   The author leads the reader through the experiences of the mothers as they left China and came to America.   The daughters have been raised in America, as Americans.   This is what the mothers had wanted although it also causes them great distress.   This is illustrated in the passage I have chosen.    â€Å"My daughter wanted to go to China for her second honeymoon, but now   she is afraid.    â€Å"What if I blend in so well they think I’m one of them?†Ã‚   Waverly asked   me.   â€Å"What if they don’t let me come back to the United States?†    â€Å"When you go to China,† I told her, â€Å"you don’t even need to open your   mouth.   They already know you are an outsider.†    â€Å"What are you talking about?† she asked.   My daughter likes to speak   back.   She likes to question what I say.    â€Å"Aii-ya†, I said.   â€Å"Even if you put on their clothes, even if you take off your   makeup and hide your fancy jewelry, they know.   They know just watching the   way you walk, the way you carry your face.   They know you do not belong.†    My daughter did not look pleased when I told her this, that she didn’t look   Chinese.   She had a sour American look on her face.   Oh, maybe ten years ago, she   would have clapped her hands - hurray! - as if this were good news.   But now she   wants to be Chinese, it is so fashionable.   And I know it is too late.   All those years   I tried to teach her!   She followed my Chinese ways only until she learned how to   walk out the door by herself and go to school.   So now the only Chinese ... ...mes, for all members, but it is also a support network that can be beneficial for everyone.   I think that as the daughters got older they realized more and more how important family is, even though it can be a source of frustration at times. Works Cited and Consulted Feng, Pin-chia. "Amy Tan." Dictionary of Literary Biography. Volume 173: American Novelists since World War II. Fifth Series.   Gale Reseach, 1996: 281 -289. Heung, Marina. "Daughter-Text/Mother-Text: Matrilineage in Amy Tan's Joy Luck Club." Feminist Studies. Fall 1993: 597 - 613. Schell, Orville. "Your Mother is in Your Bones." The New York Times Book Review. 19 March 1989: 3,28. Seaman, Donna, Amy Tan. "The Booklist Interview: Amy Tan."' Booklist. I October 19%.: 256,257. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc., 1991.  

Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Essay -- Aldous Huxley Brave New World

Aldous Huxley's Brave New World I stood in front of the television screen in horror and disbelief at 10 o'clock on September 11, 2001. Watching as the second plane struck the World Trade Center in a fiery ball of destruction, I thought for sure that this world as we know it was coming to an abrupt end. Seeing the first tower fall and then the second, with over 100 stories each now a pile of twisted steel and death made me want to vomit. In two short hours, the stability of America’s foundation became questionable. I wondered how such a terrorist attack could happen in this society. Then I began looking for warning signs. Ironically, all the warning America needed lies underneath the cover of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World published in 1932. Huxley warned America prior to World War II and almost 70 years prior to the â€Å"Attack on America† that materialism, ethnocentrism, complacency, and racism could all lead to ultimate destruction. America chose to ignore him. Why were such attacks and wounds inflicted on America? Huxley recognized many years prior to pop culture that society in the US was incredibly materialistic and money oriented; maybe someday America would be otherwise. In Brave New World, Huxley puts great detail into the description of this futuristic society's material possessions. Their creator and God was â€Å"Ford,† named after the car manufacturer and father of mass production. â€Å"Ford† was an incredible symbol of wealth and power, similar to the automobile at the time of publication. Besides Ford, Huxley’s main female character Lenina Crowne takes great pride in her appearance and her outfits, especially her â€Å"silver-mounted green morocco-surrogate cartridge belt† (Huxley, 50). Many analysts in... ...el. I’m glad I don’t look like them.† I have been conditioned to hate too, in other ways, through media and society. Huxley warns us of a danger in this perspective. As we separate ourselves further and further apart within our country due to race and ethnicity, we will become more and more like Lenina, Bernard, and Henry. We become so focused on our own personal goals, only allowing socialization within the specific social class, that we lose understanding for the big picture. Eventually, due to our differences, some will be driven from their homes, forced to leave like John the Savage, alienated to the point of no return. How can America point blame onto another society when it harbors a similar hatred within the US borders? How could America let this predicted materialism, ethnocentrism, complacency, and racism happen? How could I miss the warning signs?

Ethics †Morality Essay

1. Definition of Ethics It studies how man ought to behave. Ethics is a thoughtful review of how to act in the best interest of patients and their family. It is also about making good choices based on beliefs and values regarding life, health, suffering and death. Relationship of Ethics in other branches of science: * Ethics and Logic- Studies the correct and organized thinking of a man. Focused foremost on demands of materials, nonhuman world, or world of â€Å"things† in one’s environment it is people-oriented * Ethics and Psychology- Both deals with the study of man and his behavior. Studies how man ought to behave. Concerned with man’s moral obligation or the result of his behavior. It studies the human behavior from the perspective of morality. * Ethics and Sociology- Sociology deals with the study of social order and human relations in a society. Sociology is related to Ethics because Ethics deals with the study of moral orders in a society. Importance of Ethics: Ethics form the base ground of values, which differ from one culture to another. Ethics was applied in health care system, since ancient Egyptian times. A physician has moral obligations towards his patient based on physician – patient’s relationship. The ethical principle of confidentiality confirms that patient can trust his health care provider not to disclose any information that the patient may have given in order to get cured. A current ethical issue in research involving human participant’s informed consent has prime importance. The subject and his guardian must have the capacity to understand the issue in question and the possible risks of treatment in the trial study. We need to do more to ensure that medical research practices are sound and ethical, and the goals of research should be secondary to the well being of the participants. The study of ethics and the study and practice of healthcare have not merged much in the past, but nevertheless ethical standards are essential to the practice of the health professions. Each professional discipline has its own code of conduct, guidelines for practice and philosophy of care to direct practice within its professional remit. There have been several international declarations of human rights within healthcare to protect patients from unethical practices that might nevertheless be portrayed to them as necessary evils in the course of scientific research and utilitarian principles – that is, the greater good. Despite the relative lack of moral philosophy and healthcare ethics in the curricula of healthcare professionals, it does not take long for anyone in clinical practice to face their first ethical dilemma about which they are called upon to make a judgment or have a view. In any healthcare system, whether organized and managed by the state or government or by the independent sector (private or non-governmental/voluntary) – or any mixture of these – moral issues will frequently be raised and should challenge the practitioner, teacher, manager or researcher. Establishing moral codes of practice between the various organizations mentioned above is important at the outset of any professional relationship or client encounter. For the practitioner the appropriate use of professional power, compared with the relative vulnerability of the lay client/patient during the first meeting, establishes the relationship for all future transactions between the two parties. In the context of progressive illness there are many occasions that will challenge this relationship as the illness trajectory takes its course. 2. Basic concepts in Ethics. Definition of Human Acts Human Acts (Actus Humani) refer to â€Å"actions that proceed from insight into the nature and purpose of one’s doing and from consent of free will†. Specifically, human acts are those actions done by a person in certain situations, which are essentially the result of his conscious knowledge, freedom and voluntariness, or consent. Hence, man performs these actions knowingly, freely, and voluntarily. Aspects of Human Acts * The Act Itself or the Object Of The Act. The act itself refers to the action that is done or performed by an agent, or simply, what the person does. This is the â€Å"substance of a moral act†, and here regarded as the basic factor of morality. More concretely, the object of the act is â€Å"that act effect which an action primarily and directly causes (finis operis). It is always necessary that the result of the act, independent of any circumstances or of the intention of the agent. † * The Motive or the Intention. The motive is the purpose that for the sake of which something is done. It is the reason behind our acting. It answers the question â€Å"why the person does what he does? †. Man normally performs an act as a means to achieve an end or goal, different from an act itself. And since the motive or intention is practically present in all human acts, it then becomes an important and integral part of morality. * The Circumstances. It refers to the various conditions outside of the act. They are not part and parcel of the act itself. Circumstances are conditions that influence, to a lesser or greater degree, the moral quality of the human act. The moral goodness or badness of an act is determined not only by the object or act itself, plus the motive or intention of the moral agent, but also on the circumstances or situation surrounding the performance of the action. Classification of Human Acts * Elicited Acts. These are actions performed by the will. (Wish, Intention, Consent, Election, Use) * Commanded acts. These are those acts done by man’s mental or bodily powers under the command of the will. (External and Internal Actions) Constituents of Human Acts * Knowledge. A human act as a deliberate act is a KNOWING ACT. No human act is possible without knowledge. * Freedom. The CAPACITY or POWER to choose between two or more courses of actions WITHOUT being forced to take one or the other by anything except our own will. * Voluntariness. A human act is a WILL- ACT. A voluntary act is different from what is merely WILLED and cannot be controlled by the will, as good or bad. Modifiers of Human Acts * Ignorance. It is the absence of necessary knowledge, which a person in a given situation, who is performing a certain act, ought to have. Ignorance therefore is a negation of knowledge. It can be classified as Vincible or Invincible Ignorance. * Passion or Concupiscence. It is here understood as a strong or powerful feeling or emotion. It refers more specifically to those bodily appetites or tendencies as experienced and expressed in such feelings as fear, love, hatred, despair, horror, sadness, anger, grief and the like. Passions are either classified as Antecedent or Consequent. * Fear. It is defined as the disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by an impending danger or harm to himself or loved ones. Fear may be considered a passion, which arises as an impulsive movement of avoidance of a threatening evil, ordinarily accompanied by bodily services. * Violence. It is generally referred to any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of compelling the said person to act against his will. * Habit. It is a constant and easy way of doing things acquired by the repetition of the same act. Habit is a lasting readiness and facility, born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in certain manner. Definition of Morality Ethics and morality are two words, which are oftentimes used interchangeably, not just in ordinary discourse and in popular media but also in academic discussions. Etymologically, the word â€Å"ethics† is derived from the Greek word â€Å"ethos†, which can be roughly translated in English as custom or a particular way and manner of acting and behaving. The Latin equivalent for custom is â€Å"mos† or â€Å"mores†. It is from this root word that the term â€Å"moral† or â€Å"morality† is derived. The two terms, ethics and morality, in this sense, therefore, have literally the same meaning. That is why ethics is usually taken synonymous with morality. Also because of this, ethics is also called morality, or more precisely, the other name of ethics is morality. Norms of Morality The general way in which a given society or group operates is largely determined by societal norms of morality. These norms are composed of the rules by which people are supposed to operate within that society, and these rules can be explicit or implicit. According to the definition of societal norms of morality, they are subject to change from society to society and age to age. If a particular social norm becomes unpopular, it ceases to be a social norm. There are, of course, some societal norms that are viewed with differing perspectives even within a society. Because of this, any given society can be broken down into further subgroups that share a more common set of societal norms. This process can, in theory, continue all the way to the individual level, at which point it ceases due to the obvious need for more than one person to constitute a group. Understanding and adhering to social norms begins at birth, and most of these social norms are so ingrained within an individual that it is difficult to see that they exist. Formal social norms are quite easy to spot, of course, because they are recorded in some way and require a specific punishment if they are not followed. Informal social norms make up the vast majority of social norms, however, and are much easier to miss. They take the form of folkways, which are rather informal norms that are ordinarily followed, but do not carry great consequences when broken, and mores, which are also informal, but carry great consequences when broken. The development of social norms is inevitable, and the pressure to conform to them is great. There are occasions upon which the larger group conforms to the norms of the individual or a small group, but it is far more likely that the individual or small group will conform to the norms of those in the majority. It is important to be aware of social norms so that the actions an individual can determine which social norms are worthy of challenging and which serve a useful purpose. Many of these social norms will not ever be noticed because they are a core part of each person, but it is still useful to reflect upon those which can be noticed. Determinants of Morality The factors in human conduct that determine whether it is good or bad. There are three such determinants of morality, namely the object, the end, and the circumstances. By object is meant what the free will chooses to do–in thought, word, or deed-or chooses not to do. Be end is meant the purpose for which the act is willed, which may be the act itself (as one of loving God) or some other purpose for which a person acts (as reading to learn). In either case, the end is the motive or the reason why an action is performed. By circumstances are meant all the elements that surround a human action and affect its morality without belonging to its essence. A convenient listing of these circumstances is to ask: who? Where? How? How much? By what means? How often? Some circumstances so affect the morality of an action as to change its species, as stealing a consecrated object becomes sacrilege and lying under oath is perjury. Other circumstances change the degree of goodness or badness of an act. In bad acts they are called aggravating circumstances, as the amount of money a person steals. To be morally good, a human act must agree with the norm of morality on all three counts: in its nature, its motive, and its circumstances. Departure from any of these makes the action morally wrong. Definition of Rights. Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. Rights are of essential importance in such disciplines as law and ethics, especially theories of justice and deontology. Rights are often considered fundamental to civilization, being regarded as established pillars of society and culture and the history of social conflicts can be found in the history of each right and its development. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, â€Å"rights structure the form of governments, the content of laws, and the shape of morality as it is currently perceived. † The connection between rights and struggle cannot be overstated — rights are not as much granted or endowed as they are fought for and claimed, and the essence of struggles past and ancient are encoded in the spirit of current concepts of rights and their modern formulations. Definition of Duties. A duty to use care toward others that would be exercised by an ordinarily reasonable and prudent person in order to protect them from unnecessary risk of harm in a typical medical malpractice lawsuit, the plaintiff has the burden of proof to show that the physician had a legal duty of care to the patient, that the physician breached that duty, and that the breach caused injury to the plaintiff. Divisions of Duties An appropriate division of duties is the first basic principle of internal control. Remember, the basic point is that no single person should handle a transaction from beginning to end. The primary reason is to prevent an individual from having enough control over a transaction to where errors and/or irregularities can occur and go undetected for extended periods of time. An appropriate division of duties should also produce warning signals when errors and /or irregularities do occur. It is important to keep in mind that a good division of duties does not guarantee that things will operate, as they should. This is because two or more people can be involved in wrongdoing (i. e. collusion). Unannounced rotation of job duties and surprise audits can help reduce the chances of collusion. 3. Disablement Terminologies Disability * Inability to function normally, physically or mentally; incapacity. * Inability to pursue an occupation because of physical or mental impairment * The term â€Å"disability† summarizes a great number of different functional limitations occurring in any population in any country, of the world. People may be disabled by physical, intellectual or sensory impairment, medical conditions or mental illness. Such impairments, conditions or illnesses may be permanent or transitory in nature. Functional Limitation * Any health problem that prevents a person from completing a range of tasks, whether simple or complex. Handicap * A disadvantage for the given individual resulting from impairment or a disability that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a task that is normal in that individual. * A disadvantage that makes achievement unusually difficult. * The term â€Å"handicap† means the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of the community on an equal level with others. It describes the encounter between the person with a disability and the environment. The purpose of this term is to emphasize the focus on the shortcomings in the environment and in many organized activities in society, for example, information, communication and education, which prevent persons with disabilities from participating on equal terms. Impairment (Indirect and Composite) * To cause to diminish, as in strength, value, or quality: an injury that impaired my hearing a severe storm impairing communications. * Any abnormality of, partial or complete loss of, or loss of the function of, a body part, organ, or system. * An injury, illness, or congenital condition that causes or is likely to cause a loss or difference of physiological or psychological function.